{"id":1231829,"date":"2011-12-09T08:11:53","date_gmt":"2011-12-09T08:11:53","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-01-17T11:23:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-17T05:53:53","slug":"marsilea-minuta","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/efi\/marsilea-minuta\/","title":{"rendered":"Marsilea minuta"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Marsilea<\/i> minuta<\/i> L., <\/span>Mant<\/span>. Pl. 308 308 1771<\/i>. (Syn: Marsilea aegyptiaca<\/em>\u00a0Wall.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea brachycarpa<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea brachypus<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea cornuta<\/em>\u00a0(A.Braun) A.Braun<\/a>;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea crenata<\/em>\u00a0C.Presl<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea crenulata<\/em>\u00a0Desv.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0Lepr. ex A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0algeriensis<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0approximata<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0canariensis<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0gracilipes<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0madagascariensis<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0microcarpa<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0microphylla<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0f.\u00a0nilotica<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea diffusa<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0normalis<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea elata<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0cornuta<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea elata<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0crenata<\/em>\u00a0(C.Presl) Sadeb.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea erosa<\/em>\u00a0Willd.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea fimbriata<\/em>\u00a0Schumach.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea gracilenta<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea kedarmalii<\/em>\u00a0Bhardwaja, Gena & D’Souza<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea maheshwarii<\/em>\u00a0Gopal<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea major<\/em>\u00a0(Haines) N.P.Chowdhury<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea mearnsii<\/em>\u00a0Christ<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea microcarpa<\/em>\u00a0A.Braun<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea minuta<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0indica<\/em>\u00a0K.M.Gupta<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea minuta<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0major<\/em>\u00a0Haines<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea perrieriana<\/em>\u00a0C.Chr.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea poonensis<\/em>\u00a0Kolh.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea sinensis<\/em>\u00a0Hand.-Mazz.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea tenax<\/em>\u00a0Peter<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea tetraphylla<\/em>\u00a0Thunb.<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Marsilea vulgaris<\/em>\u00a0Bory<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Zaluzianskya crenulata<\/em>\u00a0(Desv.) Kuntze<\/a> ;\u00a0<\/span>Zaluzianskya diffusa<\/em>\u00a0(Lepr. ex A.Braun) Kuntze<\/a> );<\/span>
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\nTropical & Subtropical Old World: Afghanistan, Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, East Himalaya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hainan, India, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nansei-shoto, New Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, R\u00e9union, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Zambia, Za\u00efre<\/span> as per POWO<\/a>;<\/div>\n
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\nM. quadrifolia<\/i> does NOT occur in India (apart from some cultures in Universities etc.) – it is mainly a European species, as has been known now since two or three decades. It is distinguished quite easily by the sorocarps arising from a short way up the leaf pedicel,<\/span> not in the axil where the pedicell meets the basal stem as in Indian species<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n
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All the reports from India, Pakistan etc., which basicly go back to 19th Century alpha-taxonomy, turned out on investigation to be either sterile plants – which are unidentifiable – or mistakes.<\/span><\/div>\n
The usual mistake is for the very widespread and common Indian species, M. minuta<\/i> (syn.: M. crenata<\/i>), with the sorocarps arising at the axil. There are two other species in peninsular India, and any number of forms of M. minuta<\/i> have been described, sometimes as species.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Marsilea – an aquatic fern<\/a>:
\nPhoto: 2011-01-09
\nsmall stream in farmland<\/span>. Havelock Island, Andaman Islands<\/span><\/div>\n
Marsilea<\/i> sp – this is an aquatic fern with leaves that resembles Oxalis<\/i>.
\nAre there many species?<\/div>\n
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Yes there are indeed quite a few species of Marsilea<\/i><\/p>\n

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M. crenata<\/i> is not a native of India, but of Australia and the Philippines.
\n<\/span>M. quadrifolia<\/i> is also not a native of India (not even of Kashmir) but of Europe.<\/span><\/div>\n
This plant is surely going to be the common Indian native, M. minuta<\/i>, as also recorded by Dixit & Sinha in their “Pteridophytes of the Andamans & Nicobars” (correctly!). \u00a0However, as anyone will tell you, the floating plants are sterile, and Marsilea<\/i> species cannot be identified in the absence of sorocarps. \u00a0Sorocarps are produced when plants are on dry land at the edges of ponds.<\/span>
\nYes, \u00a0there are two other good species in India, M. aegyptiaca<\/i> and M. coromandelina<\/i> – but then some dozen other “species” were described from India which mostly appear to be more in the way of just forms of M. minuta<\/i> (but anyway, still need investigating further and re-assessed as to what their status really is, some are definitely forms of minuta and not species by more usual concepts of species).<\/div>\n
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I think this is M. minuta<\/i>, but this information needs be cofirmed on the basis of study of its sporocarp.<\/p>\n

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I agree with the views expressed by\u00a0 ….<\/p>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23mar13_DSCN8297.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23mar13_DSCN8296.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23mar13_DSCN8291.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23mar13_DSCN8293.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23mar13_DSCN8294.jpg\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Hooghly Today : Marsilea sp.<\/a> :\u00a0\u00a0Attachments (5). 6 posts by 3 authors.<\/p>\n

Bengal Plants gives key to two Marsilea<\/i> species –<\/div>\n
(i) Pedicels adnate to the base of the petiole ——- quadrifoliata<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
(ii) Pedicels quite free from the petioles ——- minuta<\/i><\/span>
\n<\/i><\/div>\n
FoNA<\/span><\/a> keys in –<\/div>\n
(i) roots both at nodes and sparsely (1-3) along internodes —— <\/span>quadrifolia<\/span>
\n<\/i>(ii) others<\/span><\/div>\n
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These small <\/b>fern <\/b>plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names are water clover and four-leaf clover. Leaves are either held above water or submerged. A most useful plant for creating a dense green cover as foreground for the aquarium.<\/p>\n

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We eat this fern as a vegetable<\/span> and call it as SUSHNI-SHAK<\/b> in Bengali – http:\/\/en.bdfish.org\/2013\/01\/water-clover-marsilea-sp\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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Well it sometimes takes a long time for later research work to become generally known. First M. quadrifolia<\/i> does NOT occur in India (apart from some cultures in Universities etc.) – it is mainly a European species, as has been known now since two or three decades. It is distinguished quite easily by the sorocarps arising from a short way up the leaf pedicel,<\/span> not in the axil where the pedicell meets the basal stem as in Indian species<\/span>.<\/p>\n

All the reports from India, Pakistan etc., which basicly go back to 19th Century alpha-taxonomy, turned out on investigation to be either sterile plants – which are unidentifiable – or mistakes.<\/span><\/div>\n
The usual mistake is for the very widespread and common Indian species, M. minuta<\/i> (syn.: M. crenata<\/i>), with the sorocarps arising at the axil. There are two other species in peninsular India, and any number of forms of M. minuta<\/i> have been described, sometimes as species.<\/span><\/div>\n
Finally, no Marsilea<\/i> can be identified from photographs that do not show close-up details of the sorocarps – thus although I can wager that the plants in the photos are presumably M. minuta<\/i>,<\/span> they can’t actually be identified as such until we can see the sorocarps – which generally develop when the plant grows out of the water on land and becomes much smaller.<\/span><\/div>\n
I wonder if people know the interesting story of the Australian species called there “Nardoo grass” (from a place name), which is a Marsilea<\/i>, I think perhaps M. drummondii<\/i>, a large species with densely hairy leaves. The European settlers found that the Aboriginees, perfectly in balance with their surrounding natural environment, ate it and survived harsh times from using it as a food stuff – and a number of settlers attempted at various times to follow suit. But they did not know that like tapioca etc. it must be well boiled first, as otherwise it contains a strong alkaloid poison [I hope I have the details right] – which resulted in numbers of deaths of explorers and settlers.
\n<\/span>Maybe one has to identify which one it is, as a first priority – which brings me back to the point that we need to see those little sorocarps!<\/span><\/div>\n
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Many many thanks to … for elaborating on the genus Marsilea<\/i>.
\nIt’s sort of another ‘eye-opening’ learning that <\/span>Marsilea quadrifolia<\/i> does not occur in our country. Yet so many ‘papers’ are getting published each year assessing the medicinal properties of <\/span>Marsilea quadrifolia<\/i> in our country, some are as latest as this one <\/span>isca.pdf<\/span><\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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marsilea quadrifolia — Tanay Bose<\/span><\/a>:
\nMarsilea quadrifolia<\/em> from Marsileaceae<\/em> (pteridophyte<\/em>) captured from kolkata<\/span>
\nused as a leafy vegetable in bengal<\/div>\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Marsiela-2.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
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PTPS Canal Panipat<\/span><\/td>\nMarsilea quadrifolia from PTPS Canal Panipt – efloraofindia | Google Groups<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nIdentification request<\/a> : 4 posts by 2 authors. Attachments <\/span>(1<\/span>)- 2 mb.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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This plant grows under a <\/span>mango tree on moist <\/span>soil. I am confused about its identity. Please suggest its correct ID. <\/span><\/div>\n
Marsilea <\/span>vistita<\/em>?\u00a0<\/span><\/span>
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Generally Marsilea grows in muddy or wet habitats but this grows in moist soil.\u00a0<\/span>
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Location: Rajgir, Nalanda, Bihar<\/span><\/div>\n
Time:\u00a0 July 2020<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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It is perfectly ordinary Marsilea minuta<\/em>.\u00a0They live in water or on dampish soil.\u00a0When on the ground they usually start to grow smaller leaves with crenate outer\u00a0margins and become fertile.<\/span> But this hasn’t got that far yet.
\nM. vestita<\/em> is non-Indian.<\/span> People posting here really need some accurate modern fern-literature on Indian Ferns!<\/span><\/div>\n
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\nIdentification required.- Help me to identify this herb<\/a>: 1 high res. image.
\nHelp me to identify this <\/span>herb.
\n<\/span>Location:Kulgam, jammu and kashmir<\/span><\/div>\n
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Marselia minuta<\/em><\/p>\n

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Yes M. minuta<\/em><\/p>\n

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This is Marsilea minuta<\/em>, a common plant of\u00a0 damp fields, rice-fields, and ponds.<\/span> To confirm the identity you need to show the sorocarps, which are borne on the lower-growing, smaller, non-aquatic plants,<\/span> But it is no problem as only M. minuta<\/em> is in northern India, including\u00a0 J. & K..<\/span><\/div>\n
In the past such plants were often mistaken for the European M. quadrifolia<\/em>, which is not present in India – but that has a quite different position of the sorocarps – on the lower leaf-petiole, as opposed to in the axil of the petiole and basal stem.
\n<\/span>It’s also edible.<\/span><\/div>\n
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I will try to get sorocarps of possible<\/p>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC_7054a.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC_7055bc.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC_7054b.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
Aquatic Plant – Marsilea species:<\/a>
\n( Plant which mimics Amphibian<\/span> !)
\n<\/span>Looks <\/span>similar to the fern –<\/span><\/span>Marsilea crenata Presl – MARSILEACEAE – Pteridophytae<\/span><\/div>\n
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pepperwort, water clover.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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round stem, hairy, 4 leaflets, partially submerged or <\/span>terrestrial, margin entire (in young leaves)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Photo date: 09 Jun 2009<\/span><\/div>\n
Habitat Irrigation stream<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n
Hampapura village, Mysore dist<\/span><\/div>\n
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Are you sure that the plants in the first 2 pictures are same to that of the 3rd picture?
\nThe third one I guess, is <\/span>Oxalis<\/em> sp. of <\/span>Oxalidaceae<\/em> family. Any information available on flower?<\/span><\/p>\n

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all pictures are of Marsilea<\/em> sp. even the 3rd one…<\/p>\n

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Yes I agree with …<\/p>\n

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can it be Marsilea drummondii<\/em> <\/big><\/small>?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Yes Marselia<\/em> sp. of Marsileaceae<\/em> family<\/span> not Oxalis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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It seems to be Marsilea<\/em> sps.<\/p>\n

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For a proper identification of Marsilea<\/em> species one has to study the sporocarp, its surface, attachment, number etc. The laeflets (pinnules) are too plastic and variable in cutting, size and shape to be of much importance in identifying a species properly. These features can vary with the habitat also. This is borne out by the fact that people have tried to identify the picture and suggested different names.<\/span> One can refer to the monograph on Marsilea by K M Gupta 1962 (CSIR Publication), or the views expressed by C R Fraser-Jenkins in his publications (Syndrome) 1996 and 300species in 2009.<\/p>\n

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I’m afraid this is yet another photo that is unidentifiable as the people submitting photos do not know what features are required to see. This has applied to nearly every photo in this forum so far. Yet there is plenty of literature available to tell people what features to look at – but they don’t bother to look for and read it.
\nNo Marsilea<\/em> species in Asia can be identified merely from the leaves, which are well known to vary enormously depending on their situation (in water versus on land). One has to see the shape of the sorocarps, which occur in the plants on land.
\n<\/span>The common species throughout India is M. minuta<\/em> (many synonyms described from India),<\/span> often in the past mistakenly confused with the European M. quadrifolia<\/em> (not present in India), <\/span>but <\/span>with sorocarps borne in the axil of the basal runner<\/span> and the leaf stalk (in M. quadrifolia trhey are a little up on the leaf-stalk base).<\/span> I cannot imagine where the idea of the Australian endemic M. drummondii<\/em> (which has densely hairy leaves etc.) came from.<\/span> In South India also <\/span>M. aegyptiaca<\/em> occurs, but again one must see the sorocarps.
\n<\/span>The chances are highest that this is just <\/span>M. minuta<\/em> (it does not say where from?), but it cannot be positively recognised from sterile leaves.
\n<\/span>More interesting is the small red floating plant with it. Its radiate growth pattern, not pinnate-triangular, shows that it is Azolla filiculoides<\/em>,<\/span> not the native A. pinnata<\/em> subsp. asiatica<\/em><\/span>.<\/span> A. filiculoides<\/span><\/em> is also present throughout India as a widespread adventive species from Europe, usually introduced and escaped into rice fields, but is much overlooked as it was not reported in earlier literature – and is frequently misreported as being A. pinnata<\/em>.<\/span> The two are actually quite easy to distinguish from the growth pattern of plants.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nMarsileaceae: Marsilea minuta L.<\/a>: 1 image.<\/p>\n

synonyms: Marsilea diffusa<\/em> Leprieur ex A.Br., Marsilea diffusa<\/em> Lepr.
\nlocation\/date:\u00a0Barha, Jabalpur Distr., Madhya Pradesh, October 1994<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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\nMarsilea minuta?<\/a>: 3 high res. images.
\nHabitat: Aquatic, Near water bodies\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Habit: Herbarium<\/span><\/div>\n
Location: Bundi Rajasthan\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Date: Nov. 2024<\/span><\/p>\n
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More close to\u00a0Marsilea aegyptiaca\u00a0<\/i>Willd. ??<\/p>\n

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I think it’s more closer to minuta according to eflora of china keys
\nhttp:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119753<\/a><\/p>\n

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Need to see a few more photos of sorocarps in situ.<\/p>\n

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The second photo is of no use for identification, as it does not show the sorocarps.<\/p>\n

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\n2 high res. images.<\/p>\n

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Well yes, presumably – I also guessed it is most likely to be the very widespread and common M. minuta<\/em> (M. quadrifolia<\/em> does not occur in India, despite reports), but I am not going to guess until we can see the sorocarps, in case it was M. aegyptica<\/em> etc.<\/p>\n

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References:
\nPOWO<\/a>\u00a0 Catalogue of Life<\/a><\/div>\n
http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org\/tpl\/record\/tro-26604296<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marsilea minuta L., Mant. Pl. 308 308 1771. (Syn: Marsilea aegyptiaca\u00a0Wall. ;\u00a0Marsilea brachycarpa\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea brachypus\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea cornuta\u00a0(A.Braun) A.Braun;\u00a0Marsilea crenata\u00a0C.Presl ;\u00a0Marsilea crenulata\u00a0Desv. ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0Lepr. ex A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0algeriensis\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0var.\u00a0approximata\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0canariensis\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0gracilipes\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0madagascariensis\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0microcarpa\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0microphylla\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0f.\u00a0nilotica\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea diffusa\u00a0var.\u00a0normalis\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea elata\u00a0var.\u00a0cornuta\u00a0A.Braun ;\u00a0Marsilea elata\u00a0var.\u00a0crenata\u00a0(C.Presl) Sadeb. ;\u00a0Marsilea erosa\u00a0Willd….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"ht-kb-category":[5606],"ht-kb-tag":[],"class_list":["post-1231829","ht_kb","type-ht_kb","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","ht_kb_category-marsilea"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/1231829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/ht_kb"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1231829"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/1231829\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1231829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-category?post=1231829"},{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-tag?post=1231829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}