{"id":1319319,"date":"2011-04-03T06:28:55","date_gmt":"2011-04-03T06:28:55","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-12-24T13:07:01","modified_gmt":"2024-12-24T07:37:01","slug":"toona-ciliata","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/efi\/toona-ciliata\/","title":{"rendered":"Toona ciliata"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
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Toona<\/i> ciliata<\/i> M.Roem.<\/span><\/a>, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 139 1846<\/i>. (syn. Cedrela<\/i> microcarpa<\/i> C.DC.<\/span><\/a>; Cedrela<\/i> serrulata<\/i> Miq.<\/span><\/a>; Cedrela<\/i> toona<\/i> Roxb. ex Rottler<\/span><\/a>\u00a0……….; Surenus<\/i> australis<\/i> Kuntze<\/span><\/a>; Surenus<\/i> microcarpa<\/i> (C. DC.) Kuntze<\/span><\/a>; Surenus<\/i> toona<\/i> (Roxb. ex Rottler) Kuntze<\/span><\/a>; Swietenia<\/i> toona<\/i> (Roxb. ex Rottler) Stokes<\/span><\/a>; Toona<\/i> ciliata<\/i> var. pubescens<\/i> (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0….; Toona<\/i> febrifuga<\/i> var. griffithiana<\/i> Pierre<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.; Toona<\/i> hexandra<\/i> M.Roem.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(Unresolved); Toona<\/i> kingii<\/i> (C. DC.) Harms<\/span><\/a>; Toona<\/i> microcarpa<\/i> (C. DC.) Harms<\/span><\/a>; Toona<\/i> mollis<\/i> (Hand.-Mazz.) A. Chev.<\/span><\/a>; Toona<\/i> sureni<\/i> var. cochinchinensis<\/i> (Pierre) Bahadur<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(=) Cedrela velutina<\/span><\/i><\/a> DC.; (=) Toona australis<\/span><\/i><\/a> (Kuntze) Harms);<\/div>\n
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China (Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), Pakistan (introduced), Jammu & Kashmir (Kashmir), India (widespread), peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl., Perak), Australia (NE-Queensland, E-New South Wales), Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra (incl. Bangka Isl.), Borneo, Java, Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Flores, Timor), Moluccas (Ternate, Tanimbar), New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. (New Britain), Myanmar [Burma] (Kachin, Sagaing, Bago, Mandalay, Shan, Yangon), Sri Lanka (introduced), Nepal, Bhutan, USA (introduced) (Maryland (introduced)), Afghanistan (introduced), Costa Rica (introduced), Brazil (introduced), South Africa (introduced), South Africa (Transvaal (introduced), KwaZulu-Natal (introduced)), Puerto Rico (introduced), Cuba (introduced), Peru (introduced), trop. Africa (introduced), Mozambique (introduced), Sao Tome (introduced), Zambia (introduced), Zimbabwe (introduced), Mauritius (introduced), Hawaii (introduced) (Kauai (introduced), Oahu (introduced), Lanai (introduced), Maui (introduced), Hawaii Isl. (introduced)), Micronesia (introduced) (Pohnpei) (introduced))<\/span> as per Catalogue of Life<\/a>;<\/div>\n
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Australian red cedar, bastard cedar, Burma cedar, Indian cedar, Indian mahogany, moulmein cedar, red cedar, toon \u2022 <\/b>Assamese: \u09aa\u09ae\u09be pama \u2022 <\/b>Bengali: \u09a4\u09c2\u09a3 tun \u2022 <\/b>Hindi: \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 nandi, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 nandik, \u0924\u0941\u0928 tun, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 <\/b>Kannada: \u0cac\u0cc6\u0cb3\u0cae\u0ccd\u0ca6\u0cbf belamdi \u2022 <\/b>Kashmiri: \u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u094d drab, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0940 drawi, \u0924\u0942\u0928\u0940 tuni \u2022 <\/b>Malayalam: \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d candana veemp, \u0d1a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d05\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d cuvanna akil, \u0d2e\u0d26\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d madagiriveemp, \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23 patukarana \u2022 <\/b>Manipuri: \u09a4\u09be\u0987\u09f0\u09c7\u09b2 tairel \u2022 <\/b>Marathi: \u0928\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0915\u0940 nandurki, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 <\/b>Mizo: teipui \u2022 <\/b>Nepalese: \u0924\u0942\u0928\u0940 tunee, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f tuni \u2022 <\/b>Oriya: teipui, mahalimbo \u2022 <\/b>Pali: \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0915 kacchaka \u2022 <\/b>Punjabi: \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a40\u0a02\u0a39 chitti sirinh, \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a40\u0a02\u0a39 chitti sarinh, \u0a26\u0a71\u0a32\u0a40 dalli, \u0a26\u0a30\u0a32 daral, \u0a26\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a40 dori, \u0a24\u0a41\u0a23 tun \u2022 <\/b>Sanskrit: \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091b\u092a\u0903 kacchapah, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 nandi, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915\u0903 nandikah, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 <\/b>Tamil: \u0b86\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd ayil, \u0bae\u0bb2\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd malaya-p-pu-t-tunna-maram, \u0bae\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 matakari-vempu, \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba3\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd tuna-maram \u2022 <\/b>Telugu: \u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c2e\u0c41 nandivrikshamu \u2022 <\/b>Urdu: \u0646\u0646\u062f\u064a nandi, \u0646\u0646\u062f\u0643 nandik, \u062a\u0648\u0646 tun, \u062a\u0646 tunna;\u00a0<\/b><\/div>\n
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As per efi thread<\/a>\u00a0:<\/div>\n
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One interesting point in the ‘Bengal Plants’ –<\/div>\n
(i) leaves usually 7-jugately pinnate, panicles glabrous; sepals ovate-acute; capsule sub-globose…… ————- Cedrela toona<\/i> Roxb. (Syn. of Toona ciliata<\/b>)<\/span><\/div>\n
(ii) leaves usually 9-jugately pinnate; petiole long; panicles puberulous; sepals orbicular; capsule ellipsoid…. —— Cedrela microcarpa<\/i> C. DC.<\/span>\u00a0(is a synonym<\/span><\/a> of Toona ciliata<\/b> M.Roem.<\/span><\/a>)<\/div>\n
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Semi-deciduous trees, to 30 m high, bark 10-15 mm thick, reddish-brown, rough, exfoliating in large flakes; fibrous; blaze pink red with white streaks and strong smell. Leaves paripinnate, alternate, clustered at the tips of branchlets, estipulate; rachis 13-90 cm long, slender, grooved above, glabrous, swollen at base; leaflets 12-30, opposite or subopposite, estipellate; petiolule 7-20 mm long, slender, grooved above, glabrous; lamina 7-16 x 2-7 cm, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, base oblique, apex acuminate, margin entire or serrate, chartaceous, glossy above, pale beneath; lateral nerves 10-15 pairs, pinnate, slender, prominent, intercostae reticulate, faint. Flowers bisexual, 8 mm across, white, in terminal or axillary drooping panicles; peduncle to 2 cm; pedicel to 2 mm long; calyx cupular; lobes 5, ovate, tomentose, margin ciliate; petals 5, white, 5 x 3 mm, oblong, spreading, ciliate, imbricate; stamens 5, free, inserted on the top of disc; filaments subulate; anthers oblong, versatile; disc thick, 5-lobed, pubescent; ovary superior, ovoid, 2 mm long, pubescent, 5-celled, ovules 8-12 per cell, pendulous; style short, stigma discoid. Fruit a capsule, 1.8-3 x 1.5 cm, 5-valved; seeds many, oblong, thin, winged at both ends.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Flowering and fruiting: February-May<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests<\/span><\/div>\n
Indo-Myanmar; cultivated in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Africa and the Hawaiian Islands<\/span><\/div>\n
(From India Biodiversity Portal<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
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Attributions- Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi<\/span><\/a>\u00a0)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Australian red cedar<\/b> (called also toon<\/b>, tun<\/b>, suren<\/b>, surian cedar<\/b> or Indian mahogany<\/b>), Toona ciliata<\/i>,[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> is a <\/span>forest<\/span><\/a> tree in the family <\/span>Meliaceae<\/span><\/a> which grows throughout southern <\/span>Asia<\/span><\/a> from <\/span>Afghanistan<\/span><\/a> to <\/span>Papua New Guinea<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Australia<\/span><\/a>.[2]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <\/span>In Australia its natural habitat is now extensively cleared subtropical<\/span><\/a> rainforests<\/span><\/a> of New South Wales<\/span><\/a> and Queensland<\/span><\/a>. The Australian population was formerly treated as distinct species<\/span><\/a> under the name T. australis<\/i>. The species can grow to around 60m in height and its trunk can reach 3m in girth. The largest recorded T. ciliata<\/i> tree in Australia grew near Nulla Nulla Creek, west of Kempsey, New South Wales<\/span><\/a> and was felled in 1883.[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

It is one of Australia’s few native deciduous<\/span><\/a> trees. The timber is red in colour, easy to work and very highly valued. It was used extensively for furniture, wood panelling and construction, including shipbuilding, and was referred to as “red gold” by Australian settlers.[5]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Heavily and unsustainably exploited in the 19th Century and early 20th Century, almost all the large trees have been cut out and the species is essentially commercially extinct.[6]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/div>\n
(From Wikipedia <\/span><\/a>on 7.7.13)
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/6-Santhaveri_ckm_20150306_125903%20-9-.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1-Santhaveri_ckm_20150306_125903%20-17-.jpg\"\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/7-Santhaveri_ckm_20150306_125903%20-11-.jpg\"\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/2-Belur-Gonibeedu-Devarunda-kabbinale_20141212_170246%20-167-.jpg\"\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3-Santhaveri_ckm_20150306_125903%20-13-.jpg\"\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4-Belur-Gonibeedu-Devarunda-kabbinale_20141212_170246%20-176-.jpg\"\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/5-Santhaveri_ckm_20150306_125903%20-15-.jpg\"
\nTSPNOV2015-90-133:Images of Toona ciliata (Meliaceae)<\/span><\/a> : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (7)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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It is my pleasure to share\u00a0few images of Toona ciliata<\/i> (Meliaceae<\/i>)<\/span><\/span>
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Ref:<\/span> \u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/florakarnataka.ces.iisc.ernet.in\/hjcb2\/herbsheet.php?id=2884&cat=1<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Habit: Tree<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Habitat: Wild<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sighting: Chikmagalur and Hassan, Karnataka, about 1000 msl<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Date: 12-12-2014 and 06-03-2015<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona_MG_9456.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Is it Toona hexandra?<\/a>:
\nA large tree<\/span> was observed on Panhala near Kolhapur<\/span> Maharashtra in Dec 2010.
\nI think this is Toona hexandra<\/i>. Please validate. This looks similar to one which … had posted recently. – It looks like Toona hexandra<\/i> [syn. T.ciliata<\/i>].<\/p>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Spondias-pinnata-Delhi-2-4.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Spondias-pinnata-Delhi-3.jpg\"<\/a>
\nFruits & Vegetables Week: Spondias pinnata, the Hog-plum<\/a>\u00a0(mixed thread):<\/p>\n
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The last 2 photographs are of the Toon Tree<\/b> [Toona ciliata<\/i>].<\/p>\n

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<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Spondias-pinnata-Delhi-2.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>
\nI have some identified photographs of Toona ciliata<\/i>.\u00a0I am uploading now.\u00a0\u00a05 images.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20-1-.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20-4-.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20-3-.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20-2-.JPG\"<\/a>
\nFlora of Panipat: Toona ciliata from Herbal garden panipat<\/a>:
\nToona ciliata<\/i> \u00a0from Herbal Garden Samalkha Panipat<\/span><\/p>\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ZZ%20Unknown%20053%20Tree%20-%20Leaf.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ZZ%20Unknown%20053%20Tree%20-%20Fruit.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ZZ%20Unknown%20053%20Tree%20-%200001.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ZZ%20Unknown%20053%20Tree%20-%200002.jpg\"<\/a>
\nRequest Tree ID 53 – Bangalore – RA:<\/a>
\nLalbagh, Bangalore<\/span><\/p>\n
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Looks like one of the Meliaceae<\/i> member closely related to mohagany.
\nPost the pictures of flowers and the foliage.<\/p>\n

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I haven’t seen the flowers yet<\/p>\n

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The fruits have some similarity with Spondias<\/i> sp. (may be S.mangifera<\/i>). This is only a guess.<\/p>\n

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Could it be Toona ciliata<\/i>? (Family – Meliaceae<\/i>)<\/p>\n

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Could be T.c.<\/p>\n

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yes Toona ciliata<\/i><\/p>\n

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<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Fruit%20Falling.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Canopy%20Leafless-6.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Fruit%20Bunch-5.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Leaf.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Fruit.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indian%20Toon%20Tree%20-%20Canopy-2.jpg\"<\/a>
\nTrees of Lalbagh – Bangalore – RA – Toona ciliata, M. Roem. <=> Indian Toon Tree:<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Toon<\/b> is a large deciduous tree generally with a wide spreading and handsome crown attaining a height of 45 m and a stem diameter of 2 m. In cities may be of a much smaller stature. Also known as Red Cedar<\/b>,<\/span><\/div>\n
Toon is famous for it’s fragrant red wood that is much sought after for use in furniture making, building and ornamental woodwork.<\/span> The soft wood is easily worked and polishes to a rich red that is enhanced with age.<\/span><\/div>\n
Flowers are white, fragrant, in a large pyramidal panicle at the ends of the branchlets. Individual flowers about 5 mm long. Flowering period is in spring.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Leaves are alternate, pinnate, consisting of five to seventeen leaflets. Leaflets opposite or irregularly alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 4-13 cm long, often drawn out to a long point at the tip, unequal at the base. Green both surfaces, paler beneath, red and downy when young.
\n<\/span>Ref. <\/span>Flowers of India<\/a><\/div>\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BRS%20-NBNP-%20IMG_0672.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BRS%20-NBNP-%20IMG_0677.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BRS%20-NBNP-%20IMG_0673.JPG\"<\/a>
\nFlower of Toona ciliata:<\/a>
\nSharing the images of Toona ciliata<\/i> flowering from NBNP, Anaikatti, Coimbatore.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Interesting tree species. Please upload pictures of branch and a habit picture as well, if you have the same.<\/p>\n

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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7965.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7968.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7983.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7964.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7974.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7963.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7975.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7982.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7986.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7989.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN7980.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
Hooghly : Cedrela toona Roxb.<\/a> :\u00a0\u00a011 images. 18 posts by 7 authors.
\nThe <\/span>images at<\/a>\u00a0identify this species as <\/span>Cedrela toona<\/i> Roxb. (= <\/span>Toona ciliata<\/i> M.Roem.<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/div>\n
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“Bengal Plants<\/a>” has one more.<\/p>\n

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Fine pics. Flowers seems quite robust. It has started blooming in Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) also (16.3.13).<\/p>\n

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I imagine why you dont call it Toona cilliata<\/i> M.Roem.<\/p>\n

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I was also wondering it as a different plant until I read … mail.
\nAs per GRIN as well as The plant List the name should be Toona ciliata<\/i>.
\nFlora of Pakistan mentions it as Cedrela toona<\/i>.
\nGood find of a robust plant with large beautiful inflorescences.<\/p>\n

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Thank you very much …<\/p>\n

One interesting point in the ‘Bengal Plants’ –<\/div>\n
(i) leaves usually 7-jugately pinnate, panicles glabrous; sepals ovate-acute; capsule sub-globose…… ————- C. toona<\/b><\/i> Roxb.
\n<\/span>(ii) leaves usually 9-jugately pinnate; petiole long; panicles puberulous; sepals orbicular; capsule ellipsoid…. —— <\/span>C. microcarpa<\/b><\/i> C. DC.<\/span><\/div>\n
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I was hesitant and wanted to go for the C. microcarpa<\/i>. I am very sorry for not providing its Bengali names, the names are confusing though. The ‘Bengal Plants’, ‘Flora Indica’ and ‘Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis’ refer it as \u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 (TOON).<\/b> But, local people call it <\/span>\u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae (MAHAANEEM),<\/b> though according to the ‘Bengal Plants’ MAHHANEEM<\/b> is Melia azedarach<\/i> L. <\/span>Some people also call it as <\/span><\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u0981\u0989 (PAU).<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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the local name Mahanim<\/b> is shared by three trees with similar looking pinnate leaves<\/span><\/div>\n
Ailanthus excelsa<\/i> in Oriya<\/span><\/div>\n
Toona ciliata<\/i> (Cedrella toona<\/i>) in Hindi and Bengali
\n<\/span>Melia azedarach<\/i> in Bengali<\/span><\/div>\n
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Thank you very much Sir for the interesting information on regional names of plants.
\n<\/span>I haven’t seen (didn’t know) <\/span>Ailanthus excelsa<\/i> but ‘Bengal Plant’ also describes that it is <\/span>MAHANIM<\/b> (also <\/span>GORMI-KAWAT<\/b>) in Oriya. Neither Bengal Plants nor the Flora Indica gives any Bengali name for <\/span>Ailanthus excelsa<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Melia azedarach<\/i> L. <\/i>(Meliaceae<\/i><\/span>) is also known as Ghora neem<\/i> (Ghora <\/i>meaning horse) in Bengal and Assam. But I don\u2019t know its exact relationship with horses.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Yes, Melia azedarach<\/i> L.is also known as GHORA-NEEM<\/b> in Bengali.
\n<\/span><\/span>But, sometimes i think that actually it could be <\/span>GORA-NEEM<\/b> in older days. GORA in the sense of either Bigger or More (bitter tasted), as we have PATI-LEBU (NEBU) and GORA-LEBU (<\/span>Citrus aurantifolia<\/i> and <\/span>C. medica<\/i>).<\/span><\/div>\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN0636a.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1025a.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1027a.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
toona ciliata, chandigarh<\/a> :\u00a0\u00a0Attachments (5). 2 posts by 2 authors.
\ntoona ciliata<\/i>,<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
photographed in chandigarh
\n<\/span>in the months of may and june<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Thanks … for sharing another Meliaceae<\/i> member observed during your recent visit to Chandigarh.<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/005-copy.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/002%20-5-%20-%20Copy.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/004-copy.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC03632.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/003%20-%20Copy.JPG\"<\/a><\/div>\n
D request – 03082013PC3<\/a> :\u00a0\u00a0Attachments (5).\u00a0\u00a03 posts by 2 authors.<\/div>\n
Could this plant be the Toon tree – Toona ciliata <\/i>(Meliaceae<\/i>)?
\nThese trees are <\/span>growing as avenue trees<\/span> in Delhi. They flower in April.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n

Seems to be Toona ciliata<\/i><\/p>\n

\n

Thank you\u00a0…<\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/IMG_20140424_121244.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/IMG_20140424_121133.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Und<\/a> : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (2).- 1 Mb each.
\npls help to identify this <\/span>meliaceae<\/i> member<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

It is Toona ciliata<\/i> as far as I can see from the thumbnails. Smaller attachments would be great!<\/p>\n

\n

From dehiscence of capsules(fruits) and inflorescence it seems Toona ciliata.<\/i> The floral parts are quite aggregated and overshadowing and do not give a clear vision of leaf structure.<\/i><\/p>\n

\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
Und<\/a> :\u00a02 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (2).<\/span> – 1 Mb each.
\nPls help to identify this <\/span>meliaceae<\/i> member leaves n fruit image I have attached here<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

It is Toona ciliata<\/b> Roem. Tree,\u00a0tall tree usually found in the altitude around 1200m<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1250696.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1250697.JPG\"<\/a><\/div>\n
Tree For ID : Jim Corbett,Uttarakhand : 050614 : AK-11<\/a> : 3 posts by 2 authors.
\nTree<\/span> seen in the Corbett area<\/span> with green fruits.
\n<\/span>Is it <\/span>Toona<\/i> Species?<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

Toona ciliata<\/b> is known to occur in the area. Entire leaflet margins suggest it T.ciliata<\/i>. Locally called as “Tun<\/b>“, “Toni<\/b>“, “Sun<\/b>“.<\/p>\n

\n

Thank you. I guess Toona id was given to me by the guide.
\nBut with lots of trees that were new to me and lots of pictures, it becomes confusing.<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1010630.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1010631.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1010629.JPG\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Tree For ID : Jim Corbett,Uttarakhand : 080614 : AK-21<\/a> : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (3).
\n<\/span>Tree seen inside the forest area<\/span> on 17\/5\/14.
\n<\/span>A guess, is this <\/span>Toona ciliata<\/i>?<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n

Yes it is the same species posted earlier.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Symbiosis%20742.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

SYMBIOSIS : 742<\/a> : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (1)
\nAttaching an image of a female <\/span>Purple Sun-bird<\/b><\/span> on the flowers of <\/span>Cedrela toona<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
Which tree? ABAPR01\/19<\/a> : 3 posts by 2 authors.
\nYesterday, on a drive to a nearby dam, I saw many of these growing by the roadsides. I photographed two different specimens to get all the details. Could it be an <\/span>Ailanthus sp.<\/i>? Please advise.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n
Dharamshala, HP<\/span><\/div>\n
1500m approx.
\n<\/span>14 April 2015<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
This is more likely to be Cedrella toona<\/i>..<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/091.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/095.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/100.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/099.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/096.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/093.JPG\"<\/a><\/a><\/div>\n
Evergreen Meliaceae Tree for ID :: MK APR-004 2016<\/a> : 9 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (7)<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
Please help me in identifying the tree found on roadside (moist deciduous forest adjoining)<\/span>. I could not see the flowers. Is is an Chukrasia<\/i> sp.?<\/div>\n
Height: 15 m<\/span><\/div>\n
Location: Mettupalayam – Conoor ghat road (NH 67)
\n<\/span>Date: 04 April 2016<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

There is mix up.\u00a0First 2 pictures are of Symplocos<\/i> and the rest would belong to the family Simaroubaceae<\/i><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

I doubt Symplocos<\/i>… Don’t think that.\u00a0The pictures look like that of Toona ciliata<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\n

Toona ciliata<\/i> for me too<\/p>\n

\n

They are not of Symplocos<\/i> or Simaroubaceae<\/i>,
\nthe first two pictures belong to Olea dioica<\/i><\/span> and remaining ones belong to Toona ciliata<\/i>.
\n<\/span>While posting in this site, please check up whether there is any mixing of plants. This can be done only by people who are taking the photographs. They are better judges. they are really seeing the plants.
\n… Please do an initial screening with available flora or Herbarium then for confirmation it can be posted in the site. Then only one can develop \u00a0expertise in field botany then to Taxonomy.<\/p>\n

\n

Thank you …, I will do my best to develop the field botany expertise. I am sorry for the mixing up of plant pictures, my computer has little sw problem and so many of my recent posts are with mixed photos. I will be correcting it in the future. Thank you.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/YTwC60hhLQiryOarrinVfLof7Qh0blMV5aS0BdIad1goNPqkUNTYUl04rN-ZYLbk9mBYH9waE6eZzJoRHNSp1AR2i-vmdYeck44-jZkEFW3V-w5000-h5000.jpg\"<\/a><\/a>
\nCedrela odorata :: Lalbagh Botanical Gardens :: 19 FEB 2017<\/a> : 9 posts by 3 authors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Lalbagh Botanical Gardens\u00a0Bangalore<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
Date: 19 FEB 2017<\/span> …\u00a0Altitude: ~ 906 m (2972 ft) asl
\n<\/span>Cedrela odorata<\/i>\u00a0L.\u00a0<\/span>… (family: Meliaceae<\/i>) … exotic\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n
We have no postings on this plant so far in efi.<\/div>\n
We have a few postings of\u00a0 from Lalbagh, Banglore of\u00a0Toona ciliata<\/i><\/span><\/a>\u00a0(and from many other places in India), a different species as per detail below:<\/div>\n
Request Tree ID 53 – Bangalore – RA<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
Trees of Lalbagh – Bangalore – RA – Toona ciliata, M. Roem. <=> Indian Toon Tree<\/span><\/a>
\nPl. have a re-look.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

Thanks … I have labelled the photos as per the tree bearing the placard; though of course, it is well known that the placards can very well be wrong.
\nI hope … or anyone familiar with trees of Lalbagh, validate the ID.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n

For me the ID is correct.\u00a0Nevertheless,\u00a0it is better to watch out for the \u00a0flowers and fruits and any close up of leaves would also help for confirmation..<\/p>\n

\n

it is Toona ciliata<\/i>.
\nIts in every corner of Lalbagh, in all kinds of trunk sizes.
\n<\/span>Link<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

Thanks very much … for the ID. Will correct my notes.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/P1220783.jpg\"<\/a>
\n\u00bf neem-like fruits ? – indiantreepix | Google Groups<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: 8 posts by 5 authors. Attachments (2<\/span>)<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
…. not sure what these fruits are. ID please.<\/div>\n
Place: Matheran (bazaar street)
\nDate: 18 FEB 09<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

\u00a0it could be toona ciliata<\/i><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

Toona cilaita<\/i> (synonym Cedrela toona<\/i> more\u00a0popular) … commonly known as: Australian red cedar, bastard cedar, Burma cedar, Indian cedar, Indian mahogany, moulmein cedar, red cedar, toon \u2022 Assamese: \u09aa\u09ae\u09be pama \u2022 Bengali: \u09a4\u09c2\u09a3 tun \u2022 Hindi: \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 nandi, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 nandik, \u0924\u0941\u0928 tun, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 Kannada: \u0cac\u0cc6\u0cb3\u0cae\u0ccd\u0ca6\u0cbf belamdi \u2022 Kashmiri: \u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u094d drab, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0940 drawi, \u0924\u0942\u0928\u0940 tuni \u2022 Malayalam: \u0d1a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d28 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d candana veemp, \u0d1a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d05\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d cuvanna akil, \u0d2e\u0d26\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d madagiriveemp, \u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23 patukarana \u2022 Manipuri: \u09a4\u09be\u0987\u09f0\u09c7\u09b2 tairel \u2022 Marathi: \u0928\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0915\u0940 nandurki, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 Mizo: teipui \u2022 Nepalese: \u0924\u0942\u0928\u0940 tunee, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f tuni \u2022 Oriya: teipui, mahalimbo \u2022 Pali: \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0915 kacchaka \u2022 Punjabi: \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a40\u0a02\u0a39 chitti sirinh, \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a40\u0a02\u0a39 chitti sarinh, \u0a26\u0a71\u0a32\u0a40 dalli, \u0a26\u0a30\u0a32 daral, \u0a26\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a40 dori, \u0a24\u0a41\u0a23 tun \u2022 Sanskrit: \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091b\u092a\u0903 kacchapah, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 nandi, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915\u0903 nandikah, \u0924\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 tunna \u2022 Tamil: \u0b86\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd ayil, \u0bae\u0bb2\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd malaya-p-pu-t-tunna-maram, \u0bae\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 matakari-vempu, \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba3\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd tuna-maram \u2022 Telugu: \u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c2e\u0c41 nandivrikshamu \u2022 Urdu: \u0646\u0646\u062f\u064a nandi, \u0646\u0646\u062f\u0643 nandik, \u062a\u0648\u0646 tun, \u062a\u0646 tuna<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Cedrela toona<\/i> is a soft wood tree. I wonder why is it called Indian Mahogany<\/b>. Mahogany is known to be a hard wooded.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n

compiled few lines from internet … … the wood resembles mahogany:<\/p>\n

… it’s fragrant red wood that is much sought after for use in furniture making, building and ornamental woodwork …
\nFOI<\/a><\/div>\n
x x x x x x x x<\/div>\n
… The timber is red in colour, easy to work and very highly valued. It was used extensively for furniture, wood panelling and construction, including shipbuilding, …<\/span>
\nhttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/<\/span>Toona_ciliata<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
x x x x x x x x x<\/div>\n
… The tree is termite resistant …
\nhttp:\/\/ecocrop.fao.org\/<\/span>ecocrop\/srv\/en\/cropView?id=<\/span>10458<\/span><\/div>\n
x x x x x x x x<\/div>\n
… This species is the most widely distributed Toona<\/i>. It is commonly cultivated as an avenue tree in India. The timber is highly valued, especially in India and Australia, and is frequently used by carpenters in Yunnan. Worldwide, the wood of this species is used in house and boat construction, for high-grade furniture and carvings, and to make tea-chests, oil casks, pencils, and musical instruments. …<\/span><\/div>\n
http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/<\/span>florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&<\/span>taxon_id=220013595<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
x x x x x x x x
\nThe wood is hard and durable, reddish, and is the best furniture wood in Northern India
\n<\/span>Uchicago<\/a><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n
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\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/_MG_0680_resize.JPG\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Small tree Id from Bangladesh_SM_1404<\/a> : 7 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (1)<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

Pl. Post other images.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n
Check for Meliaceae<\/i>.<\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
more images<\/div>\n
Attachments (3)<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
Pl. check\u00a0\/species\/m—z\/m\/meliaceae<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
Pl. check Aglaia edulis<\/i><\/span> (Roxb.) Wall.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and other species of this genus found in Bangladesh.<\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
it may be Toona ciliata<\/i>… I am not sure. Specimen should match with herbarium sheet.<\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

Thanks, … You may be right as per images at Toona ciliata<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC_1323.JPG\"<\/a><\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSC_1322-5.JPG\"<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
MS May, 2019\/01 Shrub for id (Rutaceae ?)<\/a> : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (2<\/span>)
\n<\/span>Location : Ailawng, Mizoram<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
Altitude : ca 1,150 m.<\/span><\/div>\n
Date : 10-05-2019<\/span><\/div>\n
Habit : Shrub or small tree<\/span><\/div>\n
Habitat : Wild<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

Meliaceae<\/i> can also be considered…<\/p>\n

\n
Thanks, …, for the family id.<\/div>\n
Pl. check Toona ciliata<\/i> M.Roem.<\/span><\/a>
\nTo me appears close.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20tree.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20imparipinnate%20-%20paripinnate.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Toona%20ciliata%20leaves.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n
at Matheran, Maharashtra<\/span> on 7 th March ’09;<\/td>\nToona ciliata(Meliaceae)Australian red cedar,Indian cedar,Toon. – indiantreepix | Google Groups<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Toona ciliata<\/a>: 1 high res. image.
\nLocation: Rajouri, j and k
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Habit: Tree<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Botanical name: Toona ciliata<\/a>: 3 high res. images.
\nVernacular name: Toon, Tooni
\n<\/strong>Location: Rajouri, j and k
\n<\/span>Date: 23 May 2021<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

Yes it’s, nice,<\/p>\n

\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Toona ciliata M. Roem.<\/a>: 1 very high res. images.<\/p>\n

Location:\u00a0Surkhet, West Nepal<\/span><\/div>\n
Altitude: 786\u00a0m.<\/span><\/div>\n
Date: 28 June 2021
\n<\/span>Habit : Wild<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Toona ciliata M.Roem. :: Matheran :: Apr 1, 2023 \u00b7 JUN23 DV234<\/a>: 4 images.<\/p>\n

Toona ciliata<\/i>\u00a0M.Roem.<\/div>\n
Matheran<\/span> :: Apr 1, 2023 \u00b7 12:09 PM IST :: about 800 m (2,625 ft) asl
\n<\/span>Many thanks to\u00a0Radha Veach\u00a0for correcting the ID at\u00a0<\/span>iNaturalist<\/a><\/div>\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Toona ciliata M.Roem.<\/a>: 6 high res. images.<\/p>\n

\n
Location: Panera Pakha, Jajarkot, West Nepal\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Date: 30 May 2023<\/span><\/div>\n
Elevation 800m.<\/span>
\nHabit : Wild<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

References:<\/div>\n
\n

Catalogue of Life<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>The Plant List Ver. 1.1<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>GRIN<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Annotated checklist of Flowering plants of Nepal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>Flora of China<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>HEAR<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 BSI Flora of India<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Biodiversity In India, Volume 4 edited by T. Pullaiah (Description- Toona<\/i> hexandra<\/i><\/b> (Wall. ex Roxb.) Roem. with Toona<\/i> ciliata<\/i> Roem. as one of the synonyms)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>Flowers of India<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>Wikipedia\u00a0<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>India Biodiversity Portal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>Biotik<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span>PIER species info<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toona ciliata M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 139 1846. (syn. Cedrela microcarpa C.DC.; Cedrela serrulata Miq.; Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler\u00a0……….; Surenus australis Kuntze; Surenus microcarpa (C. DC.) Kuntze; Surenus toona (Roxb. ex Rottler) Kuntze; Swietenia toona (Roxb. ex Rottler) Stokes; Toona ciliata var. pubescens (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.\u00a0….; Toona febrifuga…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"ht-kb-category":[7132],"ht-kb-tag":[],"class_list":["post-1319319","ht_kb","type-ht_kb","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","ht_kb_category-toona"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/1319319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/ht_kb"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1319319"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/1319319\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1319319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-category?post=1319319"},{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-tag?post=1319319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}