{"id":1377660,"date":"2011-03-20T10:26:27","date_gmt":"2011-03-20T10:26:27","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-12-24T18:50:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-24T13:20:17","slug":"phyllanthus-amarus","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/efloraofindia.com\/efi\/phyllanthus-amarus\/","title":{"rendered":"Phyllanthus amarus (Introduced)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n
\n
Phyllanthus<\/i> amarus<\/i> Schumach. & Thonn.<\/span><\/a>, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd. 4: 195 1829. (Syn: Diasperus<\/i> nanus<\/i> (Hook.f.) Kuntze<\/span><\/a>; Phyllanthus<\/i> amarus<\/i> var. baronianus<\/i> Leandri<\/span><\/a> [Invalid]; Phyllanthus<\/i> nanus<\/i> Hook.f.<\/span><\/a>; Phyllanthus<\/i> niruri<\/i> var. amarus<\/i> (Schumach. & Thonn.) Leandri<\/span><\/a>; Phyllanthus<\/i> niruri<\/i> var. scabrellus<\/i> (Webb) M\u00fcll.Arg.<\/span><\/a>; Phyllanthus<\/i> scabrellus<\/i> Webb<\/span><\/a>; Phyllanthus<\/i> swartzii<\/i> Kostel.<\/span><\/a>);
\n.<\/span>
\nS. Mexico to Tropical America: Argentina Northeast, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Cayman Is., Chile North, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panam\u00e1, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is., Uruguay, Venezuela, Windward Is.;<\/span> Introduced into: Alabama, Aldabra,<\/span> Andaman Is., Angola,<\/span> Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Burkina, Cambodia, Caroline Is., Central African Repu, Central American Pac, Chad, Chagos Archipelago, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Cocos (Keeling) Is., Comoros, Congo, Cook Is.,<\/span> East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Gilbert Is., Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Howland-Baker Is.,<\/span> India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, Laccadive Is., Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Line Is., Madagascar, Malaya, Maldives, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Mauritania, Mozambique,<\/span> Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales,<\/span> Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Niue, Oman, Philippines, Phoenix Is., Queensland, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Society Is., South China Sea,<\/span> Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau-Manihiki, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Tuvalu, Uganda, Wake I., Wallis-Futuna Is.,<\/span> West Himalaya, Western Australia, Yemen, Za\u00efre<\/span> as per POWO<\/a>;
\n.<\/span>
\nCommon name:<\/b>\u00a0Carry Me Seed, Black catnip, Child pick-a-back, Gale of wind, Gulf leaf flower, Hurricane weed, Shatterstone, Stone breaker \u2022\u00a0Hindi<\/span>:<\/strong> \u092d\u0942\u0908 \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e Bhui aonla, \u091c\u095c \u0906\u092e\u0932\u093e Jaramla, \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0932\u0940 Jangli amli \u2022\u00a0Manipuri<\/span>:<\/strong> \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09aa\u09be \u09b9\u09c8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1 Chakpa heikru \u2022\u00a0Marathi<\/span>:<\/strong> \u092d\u0941\u0908\u0906\u0935\u0933\u0940 bhuiavali \u2022\u00a0Tamil<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf keelanelli, \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf kizkaynelli \u2022\u00a0Malayalam<\/span>:<\/strong> Kilanelli \u2022\u00a0Telugu<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0c28\u0c47\u0c32 \u0c09\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f nela usiri \u2022\u00a0Bengali<\/span>:<\/strong> \u09ad\u09c2\u0988 \u0986\u09ae\u09b2\u09be Bhui amla \u2022\u00a0Sanskrit<\/span>:<\/strong> bahupatra, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0915\u0940 bhumyaamalaki \u2022\u00a0Kannada<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0c95\u0cbf\u0cb0\u0cc1\u0ca8\u0cc6\u0cb2\u0ccd\u0cb2\u0cbf Kiru Nelli<\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
Phyllanthus amarus<\/i><\/b> Schum.: Seeds ribbed or striate, less than 1.5 mm long; fruiting calyx lobes less than 1.5 mm long, midrib unbranched; style branches scarcely capitate.<\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
Differentiated from closely related species in its male and female flowers occurring in adjacent pairs and 5 perianth members in the flower.<\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
As per efi thread<\/a> :<\/div>\n
You will notice that on each branch lower few flowers are male, then one or two nodes may (or may not) have one male and one female (see …338) flower, and most of the upper axils have female flowers.<\/span><\/span> In P. amarus<\/b> in addition to 5 perianth members, male and female flowers generally occur in the same axils<\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
As per efi thread<\/a> :<\/div>\n
Strictly speaking this plant is P. fraternus<\/b> having 6 tepals and male and female flowers in separate part of the inflorescence, male in clusters of 2-3 in lower part and female singly in upper part.<\/span> P. amarus<\/b> has five tepals and male and female flowers occur in same axils, is also supposed to have smaller leaves.<\/span> Frankly the two look very similar in habit (the leaves of P. fraternus<\/i> almost as small<\/span> as P. amarus<\/i><\/span> <\/span>towards the end of flowering season).<\/span><\/div>\n
,<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
As per efi thread<\/a> :
\nAs far as I know, Phyllanthus niruri<\/i> L. does not occur in India. It is native to tropical Americas (as per GRIN).
\nThe species reported in several Indian literature (incl. FBI) in the past as P. niruri <\/i>L. is now correctly known as P. amarus<\/i> Schum.<\/span> The latter species is also originally of American origin, but is widely naturalized in many paleotropical countries, including India.<\/span>
\n.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Phyllanthus-amarus-Delhi-2.jpg\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Euphorbiaceae Week: Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthus amarus from Delhi<\/a>:
\nPhyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schumach., Beskr. Guin. pl. 421. 1827 syn: Phyllanthus niruri<\/i> var. amarus<\/i> (Schumach. & Thonn.) Leandri
\n\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>Recently introduced weed in Delhi,<\/span> differentiated from closely related species in its male and female flowers occurring in adjacent pairs and 5 perianth members in the flower.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\n

–\u00a0\u00a0The current accepted name as per Kew Plant List is Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schumach & Thonn. Attaching Type specimen from Kew herbarium.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n

\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Copy%20-2-%20of%20DSC00152.JPG\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Copy%20of%20DSC00177.JPG\"<\/a>
\nPhyllanthus amarus<\/a>:
\nPhyllanthus amarus<\/i> growing in JNU campus<\/span>. In the axil of each leaf there are two flowers, one female and one male; the female flower matures before the male (protogynous).<\/span> In one of the photos the leaf margins are not entire but shallowly toothed; is<\/var> it of a different population?<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Yes …, it is <\/span>Phyllanthus amarus. <\/i>Good photographs<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n<\/div>\n
\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1615-3.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1616.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1626.jpg\"<\/a><\/a><\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/varanus_DSCN1651.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1634.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1627.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1625.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1620-6.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1628.jpg\"<\/a>\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/DSCN1624.jpg\"<\/a><\/div>\n
Phyllanthus sp. from Hooghly 11\/10\/12 sk1:<\/a><\/div>\n
\n
Searched for Phyllanthus niruri<\/i> L. and found :-<\/div>\n
\n
    \n
  1. “…. <\/span>There is no confusion regarding P. niruri<\/i> because it doesn’t occur in India. All plants which earlier called in that name are belong to (and to be called as) P. amarus<\/i>, as we all know….” = <\/span>https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/uRuNB<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. P. amarus<\/i> in FoP = “…. Similar to Phyllanthus fraternus<\/i>, but completely glabrous, foliage-leaves smaller (3-6 x 1.5-3 mm), oblong….”<\/span> = http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242337368<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  3. P. amarus<\/i> in FoC = ” …… leaf blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-8 \u00d7 2-4.5 mm……….”<\/span> = http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242337368<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  4. ” ………… <\/i><\/span>P. fraternus<\/i> has 6 tepals and the elliptic\/obovate leaves will have a narrowed base<\/span>……. “<\/span> = https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/1x7grs<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  5. P. fraternus<\/i> in FoP = “…….. leaf-blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, 5<\/b>-13 x 1.5-5 mm…”<\/span> = <\/span>http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242442520<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  6. “…. Phyllanthus fraternus<\/i> (syn: P. niruri<\/i> Hook.f. (non Linn.), quite distinct from P. amarus<\/i> in larger leaves, 6 perianth, 6-10 lobed disc…………<\/span> ” = https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/vFK2q<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  7. another group post = https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/xpGcx<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  8. another = https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/49hDz<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  9. yet another = https:\/\/groups.google.com\/indiantreepix\/c_6a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  10. In FoI = http:\/\/www.flowersofindia.GulfLeaf-Flower.html<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    Species : UNKNOWN<\/div>\n
    Habit & Habitat : wild herb, both branched and unbranched, very common on roadside, waste places; height about 1 foot or more;<\/span> leaves = 10mm x 5 mm (image no. DSCN1627.jpg);<\/span> tepals<\/span> = 5 (image no. DSCN1635.jpg)<\/div>\n
    Date : 8-Sept-12, 2.00 p.m.<\/span><\/div>\n
    Place : Hooghly
    \n<\/span>Well, as i was recording these images a young <\/span>    water monitor<\/span><\/a> was waiting for me!<\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \n

    Nice pictures … Your visit to the pond might have surprised the young Varanus! Please tell him\/her you were clicking Phyllanthus amarus. <\/i><\/p>\n

    \n

    Thank you very much. But, if it is <\/span>Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> then FoC and FoP both are not much reliable source, specially for leaf sizes, more evident in my grass & <\/span>Sesbania<\/i> uploads.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    I was digging a bit more on P. niruri<\/i> L. and P. amarus<\/i> Schum. & Thonn.<\/div>\n
    I found a number of papers on medicinal properties of P. niruri<\/i> L., published by CSIR, some of those are recent publications –<\/div>\n
    \n
      \n
    1. http:\/\/nopr.niscair.res.in\/handle\/123456789\/4539<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
    2. http:\/\/www.csircentral.net\/index.php\/record\/view\/18194<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
    3. without using L. or Linn. – http:\/\/nopr.niscair.res.in\/handle\/123456789\/3400<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      P. niruri<\/i> L. in other sites –<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
        \n
      1. http:\/\/www.namahjournal.com\/Phyllanthus-vol-19-iss-3.html<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
      2. http:\/\/www.pharmainfo.net\/reviews\/phyllanthus-niruri<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
      3. http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AlexanderDecker\/11protective-effect<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        At the same time i kept in my mind what i learned in group threads, that P. niruri<\/i> L. doesn’t occur in India, even though it had been mentioned in “THE USEFUL PLANTS OF INDIA” ( CSIR publication ). So, i searched more on Phyllanthus<\/i> species – <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
        \n
          \n
        1. Google directed me to an ebook, “<\/b>Phyllanthus Species: Scientific Evaluation and Medicinal Applications” (By Ramadasan Kuttan, K. B. Harikumar) that supports the claim. The same book also describes <\/span>Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schum. & Thonn. I copy a few words – <\/b>“<\/span>…. leaf blade 5-9 x 2-4 mm, oblong, <\/span><\/span>obtuse at both ends….”<\/span> = page 26 &<\/span> 27 =<\/span> http:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id&f=false<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Another document describes Phyllanthus spp.<\/i> in Tiruchirappalli district. I copy a few words on Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schum. & Thonn. = “…. stem terete, hispidulous, … leaf tip rounded…”<\/span> = http:\/\/journal-phytology.com\/index.php\/phyto\/article\/viewFile\/6070\/3109<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
          Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schum. & Thonn. in –<\/div>\n
          \n
            \n
          1. FoC = Leaves distichous; stipules linear or linear-lanceolate, green; petioles ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-8 \u00d7 2-4.5 mm, membranous or thinly papery, base rounded, apex obtuse or rounded and often apiculate<\/b><\/span> = http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242337368<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
          2. FoP = Similar to Phyllanthus fraternus<\/i>, but completely glabrous, foliage-leaves smaller (3-6 x 1.5-3 mm), oblong<\/b><\/span> = http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242337368<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
          3. Phyllanthus fraternus<\/i> Webster in FoP = leaf-blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, 5-13 x 1.5-5 mm, obtuse or rounded at apex and base<\/b><\/span> = http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242442520<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \n

            Whom should i follow for the ID of my species? I think my species doesn’t have terete stem, not sure about apices of leaves.<\/p>\n

            \n

            Please check this paper: http:\/\/journal-phytology.com\/index.php\/phyto\/article\/view\/6070\/3109<\/span><\/a>
            \nIt answers most of your questions. As you can see, leaf character is important, but also features of flowers, fruits etc. to be considered for correct diagnosis.
            \nI still think your plant is Phyllanthus amarus<\/i>. But, let’s hear from others too…
            \nPlease also see the poster published by FRLHT…available at             \/files<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

            \n
            Documents are saying that P. niruri<\/i> L. is not found in India.
            \nIf i could find some morphological description of <\/span>P. niruri<\/i> L.!<\/span><\/div>\n
            \n
            \n

            The following paper includes keys and descriptions of both the species:
            \n            A Revision of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in the Continental United States<\/span><\/a>
            \nGrady L. Webster<\/span>             Brittonia<\/span><\/a><\/cite> Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar., 1970), pp. 44-76\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
            \n

            I regret that the doc is not accessible to common people.<\/p>\n

            \n
            I did a big mistake, took wrong interpretation of the term “terete stem”.<\/div>\n
            This is Phyllanthus amarus<\/i> Schum. & Thonn.
            \nAttaching some more new pics taken today (12\/10\/12)<\/span><\/div>\n
            \n
            \n

            Thanks for the ID confirmation …
            \nI really appreciate your keen interest and devotion.<\/p>\n

            \n

            Me too. Am impressed. knew you dont give up. good for you,\u00a0… good for us<\/p>\n

            \n
            \n