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Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 314. 1834. (syn: Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. [Hort. Bengal. 34. 1814, nom. nud.] ex DC., Prodr. 3: 15. 1828, nom. cons. prop.; Terminalia elliptica Willd., Sp. Pl. ed. 4, 4(2): 969. 1806, nom. rej. prop.; T. cuneata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 380. 1821, nom. rej. prop.) (Reference: Wendy L. Applequist 2016. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 67. Taxon 65(1): 169-182.) as per efi thread; T. cuneata (syn. of T. arjuna) has uneven stem with yellowish white bark. T. elliptica has tall cylindric stem with rough bark (crocodile back). The key goes as below. If I may try and explain the differences:
1. T.arjuna / T.cuneata [Arjun] has a smooth, white bark flaking off in layers and resembles the bark of a Guava tree, whereas T.elliptica / T.tomentosa / T.crenulata [Ain] has a dark brown deeply fissured bark which is often referred to as ‘Crocodile bark’.
2. As … has pointed out the lines on the wings of the fruit are curved in T.arjuna whereas they are straight in T.elliptica.
3. T.arjuna can stand waterlogging and hence is growing well in the middle of my stream, but have always encountered T.elliptica far away from the banks of the stream. . The arjuna is about 20–25 metres tall; usually has a buttressed trunk, and forms a wide canopy at the crown, from which branches drop downwards. It has oblong, conical leaves which are green on the top and brown below; smooth, grey bark; it has pale yellow flowers which appear between March and June; its glabrous, 2.5 to 5 cm fibrous woody fruit, divided into five wings, appears between September and November.[1][2]
The arjuna is usually found growing on river banks or near dry river beds in West Bengal and south and central India.[1]
(From Wikipedia on 6.7.13)
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Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight :: Combretaceae :: Terminalia arjuna :: Jijamata Udyan :: ARKDEC-16 : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4)
Attached are pictures of huge Terminalia arjuna with the characteristic bark at Jijamata Udyan captured in March 2013. Nice sharing … I lack its habit pics..
Crassulaceae,Combretaceae and Myrtaceae fortnight…………….Terminalia arjuna ?for validation : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (2)
sending images of Terminalia arjuna for validation please do the need full It seems Terminalia arjuna only, the leaves are serrulate.
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight:: Combretaceae:: Terminalia arjuna from Panipat- NS 03: 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4).
This is again submitted, from the same individual at different time…still I could not record the fruits of this very common tree…due to ignorance, and not availability..
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn. Very good photographs …
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight:: Combretaceae:: Terminalia arjuna from Haryana-NS 02 : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (4). arjuna… I just know them from only the flower spikes
i would know them from the bark/inner and the seeds
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight :: Combretaceae :: Terminalia arjuna :: Mumbai :: ARKDEC-11 : 5 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (7).
Attached are pictures of Terminalia arjuna captured in a cultivated garden in Mumbai in April 2013. The accepted name is Terminalia cuneata Roth. ‘..Terminalia cuneata Roth…’ …, the above name is listed as unresolved in theplantlist.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. is the accepted name on that site.
Look forward to your comments. Thanks for the information
Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight: Myrtaceae- Terminalia arjuna at Nagpur -PKA-DEC61 : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (1).
Terminalia arjuna seen at Nagpur. So far as I know, it is now called T. cuneata. Please verify.
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight: Combretaceae- Terminalia arjuna??? from Delhi-GSDEC49 : 5 posts by 4 authors. Attachments(8) Yes, though the fruits are a bit more round than what we have here. To me it is Terminalia arjuna. To me it is Terminalia arjuna.
Request for Species Id : 5 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (3)
Request for Species Id. Yes, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. is a possible ID. Yes it is Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn Picture quality is not appropriate. However the trunk and the leaves indicate the tree may be Terminalia arjuna.
TSPDEC2015-04-177:Images of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (7) It is my pleasure to share few images of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) Habit: Tree Habitat: Wild, dry deciduous forest Sighting: Tumkur, Karnataka, about 800 msl Date: 14-05-2014, 26-05-2014 and 23-03-2015 all are good esp love the gland demo . Terminalia (Combretaceae) page with images of species in efloraofindia : 6 posts by 2 authors.
Pl. go through Terminalia (Combretaceae) page with images of species (mainly done by …) in efloraofindia. If you find any mis-identification, pl. let us know. If anybody can send images of other species of this genera (for incorporation in the website), if any, it will be really nice. I would like to mention that the name Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC., i.e. the basionym of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. has been recommended to be conserved against Terminalia cuneata Roth and T. elliptica Willd. However, proposal to conserve the name Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. as a replacement name for Terminalia ellliptica sensu Gangopadhyay & Chalrabarty (J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21(2): 355. 1997), non Willd. 1806 has been rejected. Thus a later name has to be fixed for it such as T. alata Roth and T. crenulata Roth (both published in 1921 and again, like that of T. cuneata Roth, here also the type materials are not extant). I will come back to this thread as soon as this name is fixed. I am attaching herewith a sheet in which the correct names to be adopted for two species of Terminalia in India are elucidated for ready reference and correction of the efi page, if any. Nomenclature of two species of Terminalia:
The name Terminalia arjuna is valid (Pentaptera arjuna recommended to be conserved and will be done so next year in China) and T. elliptica Willd. as well as T. cuneata Roth, both being earlier names of the same plant have been recommended for rejection. Reference: Wendy L. Applequist 2016. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 67. Taxon 65(1): 169-182.
Location: New Town Eco Park
Kolkata, India
Date: 10 September 2017
Elevation : 25 ft. Arjuna. Thanks, … Terminalia arjuna.
Tree for ID : 13 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (1) – 1 MB.
A tree from our garden in Bangalore which has fruited for the first time. Unfortunately I do not have pics of the flowers which were very tiny, creamy/ white, on longish spikes.
Attached is a picture of the fruits. Would like to know its ID.
Pl. check at
Could these be the capsules of a Dioscorea sp. which can be seen twining in one corner of this image? Have marked out the leaves in your photograph attached herewith. Please check and confirm.
I am with … thoughts; I believe that these are capsules of Dioscorea sp.
Attaching a close up of the fruits. These are from the tree. The Dioscorea (Alata, I think, Kachil in Malayalam) is also climbing on the tree, but the fruits are not from it.
…, the flowers on one of the trees from the link you sent is very similar.
1 image- 1 Mb. OH !!!! 🙂 … mistook the fruits.
With the new picture, the conspicuous glands on stalks of leaves tell – Terminalia sp.
… did point to Combretaceae ! Thanks, …, for this clear photograph. It does point to a Terminalia sp. Reminds me of T. arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn [Combretaceae]. A picture of the trunk (base & bark) can also be helpful in ascertaining the species of this genus. Looks more like a Terminalia sps.
Attached are two more photos of base and trunk.
Would appreciate some advise on this tree as to how large it grows. It’s growing very close to the wall of a shed. It seems to have come up by itself and we retained it thinking it is a fruit tree. Any uses and can it be propagated from seeds?
Attachments (1) Thanks … This is the typical flaky bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. [Combretaceae]. You might find some interesting information on this tree in this article.
[efloraofindia:34110] Terminalia-2 from Delhi : Attachments (5). 9 posts by 8 authors.
Another Terminalia species from Delhi, with up to 20 cm long leaves, spikes 7-10 cm long, fruit about 3.5 cm long, 3.5-4 cm broad with 1.2-1.5 cm broad wings, grown as avenue tree less commonly in Vikas Puri, New Delhi can this plant be Terminalia tomentosa? I think this plant is T arjuna … personally, not yet familiar with T. arjuna … believe its bark appears (distinguishably) brighter, compared to T. elliptica. it is Terminalia arjuna In Terminalia tomentosa bark appears like crocodile’s skin and in T. arjuna it is white and not so rough. T. arjuna is a water indicator plant generally found near a water source. And bark of T. arjuna is characteristically greyish and peeling (like that of Lagerstromea) Terminalia arjuna bark in different seasons Thanks friends for finally clearing my doubt. I had for last 7-8 months considered this to be T. tomentosa especially on the basis of broader fruits with much extended wings, longer leaves and longer inflorescence, but doubt came when I noticed smooth bark (which I deliberately held back so that other aspects are focussed by members). Yes both Terminalia-1 and Terminalia-2 have smooth bark.
[efloraofindia:34057] Riparian Trees | ID 06Mar2010AR01 : Attachments (8). 13 posts by 6 authors.
While we took a small break near the rivers of the Anchetty forests, we came across many of these interesting tree species, most of them rested in the banks or in the midst of the river, gone dry in summer. The trees in these scrub forests are dwarf except in these rivulets where they reach great heights upto 120 feet.
We watched a number of such trees amidst the river during our drive for more than 10 kms (Mar 2010). Wonder how these trees withstand the gushing river floods during monsoons. And most importantly, these gigiantic trees in the rivers are untouched by human hands. At Hogenakkal, while hitching a ride on the coracle, the boatman would often take us around these trees! Some of these magnificent trees are several centuries old (200-350 years approx) Probably Mekedatu, Muttati in Karnataka, Anchetty and Hogenakal on the Tamilnadu-Karnataka border are the best places to see tree kinds in the mid of river cauvery river. I suppose Terminalia arjuna, grows quite tall and are found in good numbers in the turbulent Cauvery river.
Terminalia cuneata or Arjun tree. Perhaps more than 80 per cent trees in our big area of Janak Puri and Vikas Puri belong to Terminalia that have been confusing me for a long time. Finally I thought I had solved mystery and identified two species T. arjuna and T. tomentosa (correctly known as T. crenulata) largely on the basis of shorter spikes, early flowering April-May, and smaller wings in T. arjuna and longer spikes, late flowering May-June and longer wings in T. tomentosa, although I could not verify often mentioned rough bark in latter. With your identifying above plant as T. elliptica (syn T. alata), I am again in dilemma as my Brandis Indian Trees does not include either. Could you kindly tell me how to differentiate T. arjuna from T. elliptica?. I just found out that T. elliptica is closer to (or correct name for) T. crenulata (T. tomentosa). If distinct how to differentiate the two. GRIN as well as Useful plants of India treat them distinct (latter T. alata (syn: T. tomentosa) and T. crenulata (T. tomentosa var. crenulata)). I have identified the tree as T. cuneata syn T. arjuna (not as T. elliptica syn T. crenulata) from the stem, bark and fruits. T. cuneata has uneven stem with yellowish white bark. T. elliptica has tall cylindric stem with rough bark (crocodile back). The key goes as below. Thanks … for removing my confusion Photographs of both trees posted by you appear to be of Terminalia arjuna. Have both these trees on my property.
If I may try and explain the differences:
1. T.arjuna / T.cuneata [Arjun] has a smooth, white bark flaking off in layers and resembles the bark of a Guava tree, whereas T.elliptica / T.tomentosa / T.crenulata [Ain] has a dark brown deeply fissured bark which is often referred to as ‘Crocodile bark’.
2. As … has pointed out the lines on the wings of the fruit are curved in T.arjuna whereas they are straight in T.elliptica.
3. T.arjuna can stand waterlogging and hence is growing well in the middle of my stream, but have always encountered T.elliptica far away from the banks of the stream. Terminalia aruna can be observed growing along the stream, where as T. crenulata grows far away from the stream. Now a million dollar question, especially to …
I knew about both differences between T. cuneata (T.arjuna) and T. elliptica (T. tomentosa): bark and nerves on fruit wings, but some books mention about longer leaves, longer infl, and much extended wings (1-1.5 cm in T. elliptica as against usually less than 5 mm in T. cuneata). My two uploaded plants (Terminalia-1 and Terminalia-2), did show these differences but did not have photographs of bark or wing nerves. How come … and some other members were able to identify both as T. cuneata. I would love to know that. Incidentally both had smooth bark. Am not a trained botanist, but can tell the diference between the two by looking at the leaves. Generally T.elliptica leaves are darker, larger, thicker and with a more pointed apex than T.arjuna which have light green leaves with rounder tips.
Will send photographs on Sunday to illustrate my point when I will be next visiting my property. I will be looking forward for photographs, especially the fruits. Leaves of Terminalia alata As you know, I am conducting surveys for collecting information on treatment of Sickle Cell Anaemia. On April 22, 2010 during surveys the Traditional Healers showed me fruits of Ulat Kahua. It was neither Terminalia arjuna nor Terminalia alata (Syn. Terminalia tomentosa http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=242425885)
It looks like mango, but not..! ID requested for 20032011pj3
Date/Time-: 13/03/11 – 1 1:40 Location- Place, Altitude – Kaiga , Uttar Kannada ,Karnataka, 380 mtrs Habitat- Garden/ Urban/ Wild/ Type- Wild Plant Habit- Tree/ Shrub/ Climber/ Herb-Tree Height/Length-7m
glands on Terminalia arjuna: I stole one of you picture and tried to point the leaf glands in Terminalia (attached). now tell me about the other picture that … has marked some spot in thebody of the leaf.. could you please? Actually i was thinking if those bulges on the leafblade are also initiation of glands or not! I should confess that I have no idea about the origin of the bulges on the leaf they can be caused by leaf anomaly or may be due to insect infestation. I have seen insects at there larval stage(?) take shelter inside leaves. I came to know about this by accident. Once I saw bunch of “mole” like structures on the mango leaf initially I thought them to be fungal infection later on making section I found insects within them! Extrafloral nectories (other than the glands that we have been discussing about so far) are common in members of Combretaceae. But they usually occur in the axils of nerves on the lower surface of the leaf. You may examine the undersurface of badam (Terminalia catappa) leaf for e.g., to see the hairy structures (called ‘domatia’). However, the spots pointed by …do not seem to be the extrafloral nectories. They may be (bacterial?) infections? Thanks …, for the clear pictures of glands. They seem to vary in number and position in this species too. For my photographs of this please check my mail dated 10th May 2010. [For some reason am not able to Copy & Paste the link here possibly because I am using a Yahoo account. Will appreciate any help in this matter]. However, i recorded more glands from another ARJUN tree, today. Examined yet another. Majority of those leaves do have a single gland on their base, some have a pair, one on each side of midrib, and as you said, all on the lower surface.
It is intersting to note, as you can see in one of the attached pics, that often a leaf lacks any gland when the opposite facing leaf has a pair of them! But this not a strict rule because i have seen exceptions too. Attaching two more images that i recorded today. …, there is no difference between the glands of your Arjuna and my Arjuna! Found your post at – efi thread
and an image showing the gkands at – efi thread could be an gall like thing as this family is rich in tannins….just guessing though Thank you … for the suggestion…. i was thinking which microbes could feed on tannin! A google search gave many interesting links
1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/S0377840109003150
2) http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/tannin.html, …. etc.
Terminalia arjuna : Glands: …, it does NOT look like Terminalia arjuna to me. Pl let us know why I may be wrong (!) 🙂 With very few characters it is difficult to label a species. It is now Terminalia cuneata Roth. . 01112011GS1 Terminalia 1 from Delhi:
This Terminalia sp. comes to flower in late April continuing up to middle of June, leaves are shorter up to 8 cm long, inflorescence shorter about 5-8 cm long, and fruits up to 4 cm long but barely 2 cm broad with very short wings. Bark is smooth. I thought it to be the typical T. arjuna. Nice set of Pics Sir I too think this is Arjun Yes …, it does look like T. arjuna (I though T. cuneata is the accepted name?!).
Id Please:CR29052012:
Kindly help in identifying this tree. The fruits are starfruit shaped. The flowers have mild fragrance. Sorry for the poor quality of the mobile photos. Venue: Nana-Nani Park, Pune Date:29 May 12 Terminalia arjuna अर्जुन I agree with … It is obviously a Combretaceae member.Terminalia sp. Looking at the pale grey coloured bark it seems to be Terminalia arjuna.
the fruits look unusual, suggesting more (molecular level) studies… Seeking further comments in light of mine 01112011GS1 The plant in the picture is Terminalia arjuna. Here in Mumbai we have a few trees in the Zoo and one near BPT gardens. The fruits of all these trees differ in size from one another. Flowering of one of the trees in the zoo is early while some flower late. These are my personal observations as i have done detailed study of this species. . Rare Squirrel gets foster family in Kaiga: Please find the attached article and photograph by me (Malabar gaint squirrel merrily eating the tender twig of Terminalia arjuna) , which was published in The Deccan Herald dated 30/12/11.
Check this link.
http://www.deccanherald.rare-squirrel-gets-foster-family.html Very inspiring… I have seen red panda but not the red squirrel.. thanks for the pic… Nice story …, here is another. He was saved from a predator and now forages outside but by nightfall comes inside the house to sleep. If he is not covered up, he keeps frolicking on anyone who is asleep and wakes them up. He has become the pet of everyone. Thanks … and … for sharing this story and images of this long tailed squirrel. How cute to wake up people if he is not covered. I remember my son telling me when he was in school that a squirrel has become his friend and comes to eat everyday when he would have his lunch break. Of’course this was the common squirrel that we see.
SYMBIOSIS : 269:
VALMIKI : OBSERVER OF NATURE:
terminalia arjuna, chandigarh : Attachments (6). 2 posts by 2 authors.
terminalia arjuna planted along roadsides and parks in chandigarh
photographed in the month of june Yes an important avenue tree here in Pantnagar. Last years fruits have fallen on the ground and germinating nowadays.
Hooghly Today : commander on Arjuna sapling: Attachments (6). 1 post by 1 author.
This commander butterfly, recorded today, on a sapling, seemingly of Arjuna Tree.
Terminalia arjuna at Panna National Park :: 15 SEP 13 :: DV : 3 images. 3 posts by 2 authors.
Panna National Park … about 500 – 1800 ft asl
Date / Time: 15 SEP 13 at 01:29 PM … Altitude: about 787 ft asl
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. … (family: Combretaceae)
My first sighting of Terminalia arjuna.
… not sure if another tree shown below is T. arjuna; the guide told us that the trunk is scraped by the sloth bears of the forest.
Some BATS put a hole on the fruits and eat the seeds. However not seen every where. Few places
It is a young tree of Terminalia arjuna – Arjun; Bilimaddi How do you say that it is Terminalia cuneata (syn, T. arjuna) without any diagnostic character in the photo. Okay, Thank you very much.
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight: Combretaceae- Terminalia arjuna from Delhi-GSDEC48 : syn: T. glabra Wight & Arn.
Arjun, Kumbuk
A tall tree with pale gray to whitish smooth bark; leaves subopposite, oblong to elliptic, 5-12 cm long, rounded or cordate at base, entire or somewhat crenate mainly in upper part; petiole up to 10 mm long, with 1-2 rounded glands at top; flowers yellowish-white in 5-8 cm long spikes; bracts linear-lanceolate; hypanthium campanulate, 4-5 mm long; stamens 10, much exserted; fruit ovoid-oblong, 3-4 cm long, up to 2 cm broad, with narrow barely 3-5 broad wings, dark brown; flowering late April to early June in Delhi.
Photographed from Delhi.
Terminalia arjuna is sometimes considered as synonym of T. cuneata, but both GRIN and The Plant List consider it as accepted name.
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight : Combretaceae : Terminalia arjuna : Mahabaleshwar : 20DEC14 : AK-55 : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (1)
Small Arjun tree seen in Mahabaleshwar. Posted earlier.
Crassulaceae, Combretaceae and Myrtaceae Fortnight :: Combretaceae :: ID Request – Terminalia :: MNP :: ARKDEC-24 : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4)
Requesting to please provide ID of the tree captured at MNP in April 2014.
Is this T. arjuna Yes, very likely to be..
  Fwd: Terminalia tomentosa or T.arjuna- Pl. confirm : 5 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (3)- 1 mb or more.
Respected sir I’m sending six images of Terminalia tomentosa or T.arjuna
Palace gujarat barada Hil Date 9.7.2018 Habit. wild Can you notice prominent glands on the lower surface of the leaves at or near the junction of petiole and lamina? The flaking bark in these images is typical of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. [Combretaceae]. Let us wait for the flowering and fruiting.                                                   
Trees of Delhi- flowers in late April, lasting through most of May. Beautiful Trees & Shrubs of Kolkata by Chakraverty & Jain – flowers from summer to early monsoon (May-July)
Terminalia arjuna – leaves, flowers, fruits & cocoon of a moth – efloraofindia | Google Groups a picture for you – tree and flower of id pls – indiantreepix | Google Groups
Terminalia cuneata – efloraofindia | Google Groups ID please – indiantreepix | Google Groups Arjuna – The best Cardiac protective herb – indiantreepix | Google Groups Tree identification request – 13May2008Raghu1 – indiantreepix | Google Groups Flowering trees in delhi–Arjun(Terminalia arjuna) – indiantreepix | Google Groups a picture for you – tree and flower of id pls – indiantreepix | Google Groups
Flower for id pl. Some Combretaceae. Thanks … Posting one more pic of trunk of the tree. Looks white like Arjun Tree but i had never seen so profusely flowered Arjun. The tree doesn’t seem to be very old. Maybe around 20 ft. in height and the flowers are having mild fragrance.
Attachments (1) Pl. check with images at Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
T. arjuna
Terminalia alata :: Puducherry :: 13 OCT 19 : 10 posts by 6 authors. 4 images.
Puducherry near sea coast Date: October 13, 2019 … Altitude range: about 0 – 3 m (0 – 10 feet) asl
Terminalia alata Roth
wonderful. nice depiction of the gland. i thought all terminalia should have them and must be demonstrated in pictures. is it true? Thank you, … Most of Terminalia spp. have the glands.
Thank you, … I have its inflorescence in earlier collection. Will post it soon. May be Terminalia arjuna as per glands on Terminalia arjuna. Leaves (somewhat) and the position of glands also look different in Terminalia elliptica as per TSPDEC2015-07-180: Images of Terminalia elliptica (Combretaceae)
Terminalia arjuna.
See the leaf shape, glands, and fruit with striations angling downwards, Yes. Terminalia arjuna.
Terminalia arjuna Fruits : Bangalore : 30JUN20 : AK-51 : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (2)
A cultivated tree seen earlier this month. I hope the id is correct.
Tree for ID : Bangalore : 06SEP20 : AK-06 : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (3)
Tree with peeling bark seen near a lake in Jan. Could be Terminalia arjuna Thanks … . Bilaspur plant for id please : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (1)- 4 mb.
Request for identification of cultivated plant from Bilaspur. The plant is not having flowers. Photographed today morning. Terminalia arjuna . Terminalia for ID from Kaikondrahalli lake, Bangalore-GS31012022-1: 3 very high res. images. Please post the image of the habit sir. These are the only images I have Terminalia arjuna
. References:
efi thread The Plant List 1 (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) The Plant List 2 (Terminalia cuneata Roth- unresolved) GRIN Flora of Pakistan (syn. as Pentaptera |
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