Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D. F. Austin & Staples, Brittonia 32:533. 1981 (“1980”) (Syn: (≡) Convolvulus tridentatus L. (basionym); (=) Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.; (≡) Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.) as per GRIN; . Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16(4-5): 552, in obs. 552 1893. (Syn: Convolvulus oligodontus Baker; Convolvulus tridentatus L.; Evolvulus tridentatus (L.) L.; Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.; Ipomoea tridentata (L.) Roth; Merremia alatipes Dammer; Merremia hastata Hallier f.; Merremia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Ooststr.; Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata (Hallier f.) Ooststr.; Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F. Austin & Staples) as per The Plant List Ver.1.1; . Saudi Arabia (Asir), South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov.), Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Sao Tome, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Comores (Mayotte, etc.), Madagascar, peninsular Malaysia, Indochina, trop. Asia, India, Sri Lanka, China, Hongkong, Taiwan, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isl., Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia, Palau Isl. (I) (Babeldaob (I)) as per Catalogue of life (Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) J. Lejoly & S. Lisowski) & China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Cambodia, India (Bengal), Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar [Burma] (Mandalay, Taninthayi, Yangon), New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland), Puerto Rico (I), peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Natuna Isl., Anambas Isl.), Sumatra (Bangka Isl.), Sulawesi, Moluccas (Aru Isl.), Lakshadweep Isl. (Laccadives), Christmas Isl. (Australia) as per Catalogue of Life (Xenostegia tridentata subsp. tridentata); . ze-no-STEEJ-ee-uh or ze-no-STEG-ee-uh — Greek: xeno (strange); stegia (covering) … Dave’s Botanary try-den-TAY-ta — three-toothed … Dave’s Botanary . commonly known as: narrowleaf morning glory • Bengali: হলুদ কলমি লতা holud kolmi lawta, প্রসারিণী prosharini • Gujarati: ભીંતગરીયો bhintagariyo • Hindi: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Kachchhi: ઝામરવલ jhamarval, ટોપરાવલ toparaval • Kannada: ಇಲಿಕಿವಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ilikivi soppu, ಪ್ರಸಾರಣಿ prasaarani • Konkani: काळी वेल kali vel • Malayalam: പ്രസാരണി prasaarani, തലനീളി thalaneeli • Marathi: काळी वेल kali vel • Odia: ପ୍ରସାରଣୀ prasarani • Rajasthani: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Sanskrit: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Tamil: முதியோர் கூந்தல் mutiyor kuntal • Telugu: లంజ సవరం lanja savaram, సీతమ్మ జడ seethamma jada, సీతమ్మ సవరం seetamma savaram, సుంచు మూతి sunchu mutthi Names compiled / updated at https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/2025/02/xenostegia-tridentata-subsp-tridentata.html .
efloraindia: 190911 BRS29: Pl. find the attached file contain photos for id. Date/Time-Location- 18.09.2011 Place, Altitude, GPS- Codisia Road, Coimbatore Near Air Port Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. of Convolvulaceae family. . Convolvulaceae Week -Merremia tridentata from Coimbatore: I believe that the updated binomial is Xenostegia tridentata Xenostegia tridentata . Xenosegia.t from Chennai, Flowering April., at link below All leaves have the hastate base, The majority of leaves in this specimen also have a peculiar jagged apex. which i did not see in other images, except perhaps in those of Rathnasabahapathi ji. Or Is it the very dry and rocky habitat which brought that about ? The second image of the Seeds is, in my records from same plant, but this requires validation. Link The seeds look like a match for what I have in my collection for Xenostegia tridentata from several continents
Sidharkal Natham 140613 TBN 1 ? malvaceae member for id : Attachments (4). 4 posts by 3 authors. Please identify this plant details of which are as follows: Date : 18/11/12 Location :Sidarkal Natham, Nagamalai hills, near Madurai Altitude :approx 500 to 700 ft Habitat :wild rocky hillock Habit :prostrate ?twiner Height :prostrate Leaves 😕 hastate/ ? amplexicaul; Please clarify? Flowers :regular yellowish Fruits :,not seen This is Xenostegia tridentata (= Merremia tridentata) of Convolvulaceae. Anti-inflammatory herbal medicine
Climber for ID : 19102013 : RV 1 : Attachments (3). 4 posts by 3 authors. It looks like Xenostegia tridentata of Convolvulaceae. I had sent the same plant photo for id on 14.06.13 and it was identified by … Supporting Xenostegia tridentata
Please help me for identification : 1 correct image. 4 posts by 2 authors. Xenostegia tridentata of Convoluvlaceae (DSCN9958)
Requesting ID confirmation of this creeper – Devgad, Maharashtra – Nov 2012 :: 09APR2014 :: ARK-05 : 5 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (2). Yes it is X. tridentata.
Xenostegia tridentata.
Could be Xenostegia tridentata of Malvaceae. Yes to Xenostegia tridentata (Convolvulaceae) Posting flower for confirmation Clicked on 27th July
Goa, May 2015 :: Requesting ID of this tree :: ARKJUN-13/24 : 6 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (3) Requesting to please ID this prostrate herb captured near Varca beach, Goa in May 2015. This looks like Euphorbia species but the cyathia are not clearly visible. Plant showing in the photograph is Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staple (=Merremia tridentata)
efloraofindia:”For Id” wild creeper is this Ipomoea eriocarpa? at Talegaon Dabhade :Nov 2015: MR-02 : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (3) Talegaon Dabhade Pune Nov 2015 Requesting to Id this wild creeper with small white flowers and red throat. is it Ipomea eriocarpa? Most probably Xenostegia tridentata. Thank you for the Id
081213 BRS 533 : Attachments (1). 4 posts by 3 authors. Pl. find the attached file contain climber for sp. confirmation. Date; 08.12.2013 location: Adyar, Chennai Habitat: garden Habit: Climber. One more photo of the same sp. Merremia sp Merremia species so far in efi. It is Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples (Syn: Merremia tridentata (L.) Yes it is It is Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples (Syn: Merremia tridentata (L.) Yes sir, Xenostegia tridentata. Only maroon color deep in center is absent .
Names of Plants in India :: Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F. Austin & Staples : 1 post by 1 author. 1 image.
ze-no-STEEJ-ee-uh or ze-no-STEG-ee-uh — Greek: xeno (strange); stegia (covering) … Dave’s Botanary try-den-TAY-ta — three-toothed … Dave’s Botanary commonly known as: narrowleaf morning glory • Bengali: হলুদ কলমি লতা holud kolmi lawta, প্রসারিণী prosharini • Gujarati: ભીંતગરીયો bhintagariyo • Hindi: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Kachchhi: ઝામરવલ jhamarval, ટોપરાવલ toparaval • Kannada: ಇಲಿಕಿವಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ilikivi soppu, ಪ್ರಸಾರಣಿ prasaarani • Konkani: काळी वेल kali vel • Malayalam: പ്രസാരണി prasaarani, തലനീളി thalaneeli • Marathi: काळी वेल kali vel • Odia: ପ୍ରସାରଣୀ prasarani • Rajasthani: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Sanskrit: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Tamil: முதியார் கூந்தல் mutiyar kuntal • Telugu: లంజ సవరం lanja savaram, సీతమ్మ జడ seethamma jada, సీతమ్మ సవరం seetamma savaram, సుంచు మూతి sunchu mutthi botanical names: Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples … homotypic synonyms: Convolvulus tridentatus L. • Evolvulus tridentatus (L.) L. • Ipomoea tridentata (L.) Roth • Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. … infraspecific: Xenostegia tridentata subsp. tridentata … and more at POWO, retrieved 07 February 2025 Bibliography / etymology Links listed as references in the notes below, may not remain valid permanently. Portals / websites have a tendency to re-organize / revise their content, leading to change in URLs of pages in their site. Some sites may even close down at their own will. The bits about the languages of India mentioned below are merely some bare facts gathered from the internet; just enough to satisfy curiosity about “where” could the listed names be best prevalent in India. All English transliterated names to be taken sensu amplo. ~~~~~ ENGLISH ~~~~~ written and spoken widely, in most parts of India narrowleaf morning glory
~~~~~ BENGALI ~~~~~ written in: Bengali (বাংলা) … spoken in: West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands হলুদ কলমি লতা holud kolmi lawta, প্রসারিণী prosharini
~~~~~ GUJARATI ~~~~~ written in: Gujarati (ગુજરાતી) … spoken in: Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu ભીંતગરીયો bhintagariyo
~~~~~ HINDI ~~~~~ written in: Devanagari (हिन्दी) … spoken in: Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand प्रसारिणी prasarini
~~~~~ KACHCHHI ~~~~~ written in: Gujarati (કચ્છી), Sindhi (ڪڇّي) … spoken in: Kutch region of Gujarat ઝામરવલ jhamarval, ટોપરાવલ toparaval
~~~~~ KANNADA ~~~~~ written in: Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) … spoken in: Karnataka ಇಲಿಕಿವಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ilikivi soppu
ಪ್ರಸಾರಣಿ prasaarani
~~~~~ KONKANI ~~~~~ written in: Devanagari (कोंकणी) / Kannada (ಕೊಂಕಣಿ) / Malayalam (കൊങ്കണി) / Perso-Arabic (کونکنی) / Romi (Konknni) … spoken in: Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat काळी वेल kali vel
❌ semder kalaudi ❌
~~~~~ MALAYALAM ~~~~~ written in: Malayalam (മലയാളം) … spoken in: Kerala, Lakshadweep പ്രസാരണി prasaarani, തലനീളി thalaneeli
~~~~~ MARATHI ~~~~~ written in: Devanagari (मराठी) … spoken in: Maharashtra, Karnataka काळी वेल kali vel
~~~~~ ODIA ~~~~~ written in: Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ) … spoken in: Odisha, Andaman & Nicobar Islands ପ୍ରସାରଣୀ prasarani
~~~~~ RAJASTHANI ~~~~~ written in: Devanagari (राजस्थानी) … spoken in: Rajasthan प्रसारिणी prasarini
~~~~~ SANSKRIT ~~~~~ written in: Devanagari (संस्कृतम्) … used all over India by priests and scholars प्रसारिणी prasarini
~~~~~ TAMIL ~~~~~ written in: Tamil (தமிழ்) … spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands முதியார் கூந்தல் mutiyar kuntal
~~~~~ TELUGU ~~~~~ written in: Telugu ( తెలుగు) … spoken in: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry లంజ సవరం lanja savaram, సీతమ్మ జడ seethamma jada, సీతమ్మ సవరం seetamma savaram, సుంచు మూతి sunchu mutthi
~~~~~ DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~ throughout (except n-w India); including Lakshadweep islands
~~~~~ Created on: 11:52 07-02-2025 ¦ Last updated: 12:30 10-02-2025 ~~~~~ Names compiled / updated at https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/2025/02/xenostegia-tridentata-subsp-tridentata.html both Malayalam and English names are correct Tamil name corrected … commonly known as: narrowleaf morning glory • Bengali: হলুদ কলমি লতা holud kolmi lawta, প্রসারিণী prosharini • Gujarati: ભીંતગરીયો bhintagariyo • Hindi: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Kachchhi: ઝામરવલ jhamarval, ટોપરાવલ toparaval • Kannada: ಇಲಿಕಿವಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ilikivi soppu, ಪ್ರಸಾರಣಿ prasaarani • Konkani: काळी वेल kali vel • Malayalam: പ്രസാരണി prasaarani, തലനീളി thalaneeli • Marathi: काळी वेल kali vel • Odia: ପ୍ରସାରଣୀ prasarani • Rajasthani: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Sanskrit: प्रसारिणी prasarini • Tamil: முதியோர் கூந்தல் mutiyor kuntal • Telugu: లంజ సవరం lanja savaram, సీతమ్మ జడ seethamma jada, సీతమ్మ సవరం seetamma savaram, సుంచు మూతి sunchu mutthi
Creeper from Bandhavgarh Ntl Park – efloraofindia | Google Groups
Please ID the plant : Date/Time- September 2019 Location-Place, Altitude, GPS- Chennai Habitat- Garden/ Urban/ Wild/ Type- Wild : wild Plant Habit-Tree/ Shrub/ Climber/ Herb- Herb : Runner Height/Length- 4 to 5 ft Flower – Light pink Convolvulaceae member, Merremia tridentata, Xenostegia tridentata now Catalogue of life gives three subspecies out of which two are found in India, as per below: Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) J. Lejoly & S. Lisowski (Saudi Arabia (Asir), South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov.), Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Sao Tome, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Comores (Mayotte, etc.), Madagascar, peninsular Malaysia, Indochina, trop. Asia, India, Sri Lanka, China, Hongkong, Taiwan, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isl., Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia, Palau Isl. (I) (Babeldaob (I))) Xenostegia tridentata subsp. tridentata (China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Cambodia, India (Bengal), Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar [Burma] (Mandalay, Taninthayi, Yangon), New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland), Puerto Rico (I), peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Natuna Isl., Anambas Isl.), Sumatra (Bangka Isl.), Sulawesi, Moluccas (Aru Isl.), Lakshadweep Isl. (Laccadives), Christmas Isl. (Australia)) Xenostegia tridentata var. pubescens Rendle (Caprivi Strip, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania) I could not find the difference on net among two subspecies found in India. Based on the distribution, our observations at Xenostegia tridentata may be of Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) J. Lejoly & S. Lisowski I will correct our page, after getting feedback in this regard, if any. Can anybody give the distinction between the two subspecies ? On further checking, however, Flora of peninusular India says that Both subspecies are found in south India as per Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata (syn. of Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) J. Lejoly & S. Lisowski) Merremia tridentata subsp. tridentata (syn. of Xenostegia tridentata subsp. tridentata) Book at Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata says in note that subsp. tridentata also occurs in S. India but has leaves and outer sepal obtuse- emarginate. However details at Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata and Merremia tridentata subsp. tridentata seem to be contradictory. Flora of China gives M. tridentata subsp. hastata (H. Hallier) van Ooststroom as a syn. of Xenostegia tridentata (Linnaeus) D. F. Austin & Staples subsp. angustifolia photographs I have seen from Africa …leaves show an extreme of change in length and width. I do not remember seeing a post with that extreme variation. There is variation in corolla color too…near white to deep yellow, and corolla center with or without maroon color. There is X. tridentata subsp. alatipes with winged pedicel and winged outer lobes of calyx. There is one more variant with lot of hairs. I shall go through the posts here and on facebook. WCSP further confuses the matter as it accepts all these subspecies as below: Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Lejoly & Lisowski, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 38: 379 (1993). (Trop. & S. Africa) Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples, Brittonia 32: 533 (1980 publ. 1981). (Trop. & Subtrop. Old World including India and Srilanka) Xenostegia tridentata subsp. hastata (Ooststr.) Parmar, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 251 (1994). (SE. China to Trop. Asia and Caroline Is. including Assam, India and Srilanka) Leaves are very variable. I perused posts in Indian Flora … lot of variation, sometimes extreme. Today I visited the species …uploading one image. So much variation in one vine … Attachments (1) – 2 mb. One more. Attachments (1) – 1 mb. One more … Please see them zooming in. Thanks, … This is contradictory to Book at Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata which says in note that subsp. tridentata also occurs in S. India but has leaves and outer sepal obtuse- emarginate. Ok, so I made a mistake again and reversed the characters in describing subspecies. I am getting sloppy. Any way, nowhere is the mention of leaf tip trifid with variable width between 3 points, occuring with other leaves having simple acute mucuronate tip. My point is, many specimen need to be examined before settling this debate. 3 images. Leaves from one stem ! I went through the detailed article by D. F. Austin who separated it from Merremia and gave it the name “Xenostegia“. He talks about African population and Asian population of this species, and goes on to say, in Srilanka and in South India. both African and Asian types are found and this is because this species was a very important medicinal plant, that is why it moved with trade and traders. In whole long paper, he never talks about subspecies and varieties. Ana Rita Simoes, and George Staples in their works acknowledge lot of variations,(even word ‘polymorphic’ has been used), but refuse to divide this Taxon into inferior taxa. Thanks, … When were these publications made? Sir, soon I shall upload relevant pages in screen shot with details and links.
book image. 2007
book image. Thanks a lot, … Wonderful !!! Very recent work.
Xenostegia tridentata :: Banasura Sagar Dam, Wayanad :: 15 NOV 19 : 14 posts by 4 authors. 5 images. Banasura Sagar Dam Wayanad Date: November 15, 2019 … Altitude: about 980 m (3,200 ft) asl Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples This species fascinates me for its leaf variation. Here attached is original size picture in which we can see base of few leaves. I do not click raw, just old style JPEGs. It works easy for me. The original pic is more than 8 MB. Let me crop it at places where we see the leaves. Thanks, … Leaf in your photos are much different than leaf I see in my area. Here are two cropped versions of the original picture. The cropped versions are not resized, so what you are seeing are part of original sized photograph. I hope you are able to see the hastate leaves almost amplexicaule, in both pictures, and hope they help you in your analysis. Attachments (2) Sir, thanks a lot. These leaves are just like leaves from Africa belonging to subsp. angustifolia. Here in Surat I see leaves with single tip as well as tridentate tip, lamina long or short. Seeing the wire mesh I just thought I should bring one plant home and grow it in balcony !!! and what is the larger leaf? Larger leaves are of some other vine. I could see no flower or fruit. OK thanks
Xenostegia tridentata :: Banasura Sagar Dam, Wayanad :: 15 NOV 19 : 16 posts by 5 authors. 5 images. Date: November 15, 2019 … Altitude: about 980 m (3,200 ft) asl Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples This species fascinates me for its leaf variation. Dinesh sir, asking you a favor … I wish to see a full leaf with its base and petiole from this specimen. I hope you have it in your raw images. Please show it for me. Here attached is original size picture in which we can see base of few leaves. I do not click raw, just old style JPEGs. It works easy for me. The original pic is more than 8 MB. Thanks, … Leaf in your hotos are much different than leaf I see in my area. Variety and subspecies were described based on leaf and calyx. Now this genus is revised, yet to see that paper. Here are two cropped versions of the original picture. The cropped versions are not resized, so what you are seeing are part of original sized photograph. I hope you are able to see the hastate leaves almost amplexicaule, in both pictures, and hope they help you in your analysis. Attachments (2) Sir, thanks a lot. These leaves are just like leaves from Africa belonging to subsp. angustifolia. Here in Surat I see leaves with single tip as well as tridentate tip, lamina long or short. Seeing the wire mesh I just thought I should bring one plant home and grow it in balcony !!! and what is the larger leaf? Larger leaves are of some other vine. I could see no flower or fruit. OK thanks Thanks, … We had a nice discussions in this matter at Xenostegia tridentata subspecies Latest taxonomic scrutiny, lists all subspecies under Xenostegia tridentata only. Recently I had been to Baroda. Within City limits, I saw this plant thriving. Again I noticed, many variations of leaf shape, size and ”teeth” on same branch. . For Id 220708JM1 – indiantreepix | Google Groups: . Konkan, MH :: Xenostegia tridentata for validation :: ARK2021-017: 4 images. Seen this creeper in a village near coastal Devgad, MH in the last week of December 2020. I think it is Xenostegia tridentata. Kindly validate. You’re right ma’am . Goa, August 2021 :: Xenostegia for validation :: ARK2021-113: 7 images. This vine was clicked at various places near Varca, South Goa in August 2021. Guessing this to be Xenostegia tridentata Requested to please validate. Yes it’s ma’am, ID is correct, .
Please ID wild plant, Location: near Reserve Forest, Chathamattom, Ernakulam District, (Kochi) Kerala PIN:686671 Altitude: 1400fsl Flower date: 28.11.2021, 12.35pm Habitat: wild moisture Plant habit: climbing, branches, slender weak angular stem 02mm diameter, latex, annual Height: 07 feet Leaves: alternate, ovate, oblong, apex, size:09×1.5cm or less Flower: diameter:23mm, of-white, non fragrant Fruit: globular green into brown, diameter:06mm Seed: black, 4 nos., pear shaped, size:3×3mm Camera: mobile Samsung Galaxy A21s Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples Yes, it is dear …, thank you very much for ID my plant, . Regarding identification of the species collected from Khurda Odisha: 3 high res. images. . . Regarding identification of the species collected from Khurda Odisha on October 24: 5 high res. images. Xenostegia tridentata subsp. tridentata
Yes … Syn: Merremia tridentata ! . 050225PKD1: Regarding identification of the species collected from Khurda Odisha on Feb. 2025: 4 high res. images. Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples ?? Yes, matches with images at https://efloraofindia.com/efi/merremia-tridentata/ . References: |
Xenostegia tridentata
Updated on March 10, 2025