Semecarpus anacardium

Semecarpus anacardium L. f., Suppl. pl. 182. 1782 (“1781”) ;
.
sim-eh-KAR-pus — Greek: semeion (a sign, a mark); karpos (fruit) … Auroville Virtual Herbarium
an-uh-KAR-dee-um — a fruit’s name of an Indian tree, applied to cashew by Linnaeus … Dave’s Botanary

commonly known as: dhobi nut tree, Indian marking nut tree, Malacca bean, marany nut, marking nut, marsh nut, Oriental cashew nut, varnish tree • Assamese: বৰ-ভোলা bar-bhola, ভলা bhala, ভল্লাতক bhallatak • Bengali: অহ্বলা ahbala, ভল্লাত bhallata, ভল্লাতক bhallataka, ভেলা bhela • Garo: babari, bareri, bol-agal • Gujarati: ભિલામો bhilamo, ભિલામું bhilamu, બિબ્બા bibba • Haryanvi: भिलवा bhilawa, घेरू gheru • Hindi: भेला bhela, भिलावां or भिलावन bhilawan, निर्दहन nir-dahan, पावक pawak, विषास्या vishasya • Kannada: ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerkaayi, ಗೇರು geru, ಗೊಡ್ಡುಗೇರು goddageru, ಗುಡ್ಡದ ಗೇರು guddada geru, ಕೇರ ಮರ kera-mara • Karbi: barla-arong • Khasi: dieng-soh-bhala • Kokborok: vela • Kol: लोसो loso • Konkani: अंबेरी amberi, बिब्बा bibba, ಬಿಬ್ಬಯಿ bibbayi, बिबो bibo • Malayalam: അലക്കുചേര് alakkucheru, ചെങ്കുരു chenkuru, തേങ്കൊട്ട thenkotta • Marathi: भल्लातक bhallataka, भिल्लावा bhilava, बिबवा bibava, बिब्बा bibba, गोडंबी godambi • Mech: bhalo, bhaola, bhelawa • Mizo: kawh-tebel, vawmbalhnahhlai, vawmbal-pui • Nepali: भलायो bhalaayo • Odia: ଭାଲିଆ bhalia, ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଧର durddhara, ଲଙ୍କା ଭାଲିଆ lanka bhalia, ପୃଥଗ୍ ବୀଜ pruthag-bija, ରକ୍ଷୋଘ୍ନ rakshoghna • Persian: بلادر baladur • Punjabi: ਭਿਲਾਵਾ bhilawa • Sanskrit: अग्निमुख agnimukha, अह्वला ahvala, अन्तःसत्त्वा antahasattva, अर्शोहित arshohita, आरुष्कर arushkara, भल्लातक bhallataka, भूतनाशन bhutanashana, बीजपादप bijapadapa, धनुर्वृक्ष dhanurvrksha, कृमिघ्न krmighna, कृष्णवर्त्मन् krshnavartman, क्षतकृत् kshatakrt, महातीक्ष्णा mahatikshna, निर्दहन nirdahana, पावक pavaka, पृथग्बीज prthagbija, रक्षोघ्न rakshoghna, शैलबीज shailabija, शोककर shokakara, शोफहृत् shophahrt, शोथहृत् shothahrt, स्फोटबीजक sphotabijaka, तैलबीज tailabija, तपन tapana, वह्निनामन् vahninaman, विरातक virataka, वीरवृक्ष viravrksha, विषास्या vishasya, व्रणकृत् vranakrt, वृषाङ्क vrshangka • Santali: ᱥᱳᱥᱳ soso • Tamil: சேங்கொட்டை cen-kottai, சோம்பலம் compalam, காலகம் kalakam, காவகா kavaka, கிட்டாக்கனிக்கொட்டை kitta-k-kani-k-kottai, தேம்பாறை temparai • Telugu: భల్లాటము bhallatamu, జీడిమామిడిచెట్టు jidimamidichettu, నల్ల జీడి nalla jeedi, తుమ్మెద మామిడి thummeda mamidi • Tulu: ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerukaayi, ಕೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ kerukaayi, ತೇರೆದ ಮರ tereda mara • Urdu: بهلاوان or بهلاون bhilawan, نردهن nir-dahan, پاوك pawak
.

Flora of Madhya Pradesh: Semecarpus anacardium L.f. from Bhedaghat MP:
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
From Bhedaghat Jabalpur MP, tree growing on roadside area
Only fruits were seen

Good set of pictures.

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Semecarpus anacardium L. [Anacardiaceae] : 7 posts by 5 authors.

Name: Semecarpus anacardium L.

Family: Anacardiaceae

Location: Sathyamangalam Forest Division

Date: 12 Nov 2008

Tamil name: Seraangottai, Saenkottai, Ghaer

Edibility: I relished this fresh ripe sweet (false) fruit; local people consume the fully ripen fruits
The acidic nature of this fruit is used for healing wounds, (mostly inflammatory) locally at Sathyamangalam forest division.

Thanks …, This was a real learning experience for me on its edibility. Google searching till now couldn’t provide me the information on what it would be like to actually eat and taste it. But now the same query for some one else can be answered throgh google via efloraindia/ indiantreepix.

Warm welcome …, The Gaer name is of Kannada origin. The collection location is closer to Karnataka, specially along Biligiri Rangan Temple WLS

Could this be any variety of the species?

Lovely catch … of the ripe fruits

Semecarpus anacardium is one of the main drugs in the ayurvedic medicinal system! The sanskrit name for the drug is BHALLATHAKA, and also carries the synonymn ARUSHKARA. It is an anticancerous drug and can also work against good in the case of leukoderma. It also pocess both vachikarana and rasayana properties!

Thanks for the info …
I never knew that there were synonyms of drug names too :))….. I wanted to know where you found that information from, just in case
its from your own expertise, then I would request you to please get me some information on the ayurvedic preparation of Rasana….
For long I had been thinking it to be an Orchid called Vanda tessellata following various literatures but recently one of my friends here in the group told us about other plant with the same name.
I would be grateful for your help.

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id required : spice 5 : 4 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (1)

I am sending you some spices used for making
could you please let me know the identification for them and the scientific names.
there will be around 15 spices.

PS: i just know that these should be one of the following (all marathi names)
Dongari, Safed, Shaha, Lasani, Shatavari, Panjabi, Kambarkas, DoodhKaLi, PimpaLi, Gathi, Bedana, Isabgol, Talimkhana, Motha Gokharu, Soonth

This fruit may be Semecarpus anacardium fruit, but I am not very sure

This appears to be Dhobis nut/bibba. Seed of Semicarpus anacardium please confirm.

just to tell you more on the usage of these spices (?).
we use them to make ‘Laddoo’ of medicinal value for women who have given birth to baby. we also add other dry fruits to it.

so i am not sure if they can be called spices. sorry if i might have misled you folks.
thanks to all for helping me in identifying these

Semecarpus anacardium ? : 12 posts by 8 authors. Attachments (3)

Saw these flowers in Rani Bagh (V.J.B.Udyan), Mumbai on 19th July 2010.
Is it Semecarpus anacardium (Marking Nut or बिब्बा)

… most probably not, … the leaves of marking nut tree are leathery and are rounded at tip,
Some views at my photostream … http://www.flickr.com/search/?w=91314344%40N00&q=Semecarpusanacardium&m=tags
Let us please wait for comments.

Is it Holigarna ferruginea? Chera ? Belongs to Anacardiaceae.

This not at all Semecarpus anacardium I am quite sure about it as said by …
I also think this is Holigarna ferruginea as …
Kindly check a tentative description of the plant from the link below.
biotik

Thank you very much … for sharing the fotos. I had never seen बिब्बा bibba भल्लातक bhallataka, भिल्लावा bhillava, and the other two names for बिब्बा I did not know before.

भल्लातक reminded me of भल्लातक फळभारे लवले from गीतरामायण.
बिब्बा looks like काजू? seed on top of a fruit? That is what I saw in your foto. Do you have a bigger foto of the fruit? What is actually बिब्बा? Is it a seed?

… do not have photo showing fruits from close-up distance.
Attaching a cropped version of a photo, showing fruits.
Not sure whether the fruits are edible … at least not popular as edible … comments would help.
But certainly a high-value medicinal plant. Attachments (1)

and yes, the seemingly seed-like structure is the nut … just as in case cashew-nut … which is botanically the actual fruit, the other swollen part — orange coloured in case of S. anacardium is the false-fruit … it is the swollen stalk of the fruit … known as the hypocarp.
Comments on edibility will help.

I remember studying this in Forensic medicine years back as a popular poison. As with all poisons medicinal usage is common.

Here is a study of its effects on an animal model: http://hmtjournals.com/march-07/43-45Choudhary%20and%20Deshmukh.pdf

In humans it is an irritant and vesicant to the skin and laundry markings from the nut (it is also called the dhobi nut) have also been known to cause neck irritation and rashes, even after the clothing was repeatedly washed. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0802.htm

This is none else but the plant labelled by you.
Mentioning the size of the leaves would have ruled out Holigarna.
Forked nerves tally well with … pics. The panicles in
Holigarna are tomentose and petals are villous which is not seen in
your picture. A close up of petals can also distinguish, Semecarpus
has imbricate petals and Holigarna has valvate petals. May be yet
another visit will settle this issue. This may be S. anacrdium var.
cuneifolia (Roxb.) DC. which has cuneate leaves instead of rounded. It is unusual to find this plant at Ranibaug.

For comparison.
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=pdb&PdbID=107301
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=pdb&PdbID=107302
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=pdb&PdbID=107303
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=pdb&PdbID=107304

Another name for it is Agnimukha (अग्निमुख) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Indian_epics_period
I wonder if it has any relevance to its edibility?

Thanx very much for ur detailed reply differentiating bet. Holigarna and Semecarpus.
As u say one more visit and few more pics are necessary to resolve the issue. I vil keep the points raised by u in mind and take the pics. i cud not take the close up of flowers due to continuous rains. But, after zooming the original pic of flowers i realised that though the petals are not villose, they r not imbricate too.
This tree is identified by the botanist in Rani bagh. I will now request Dr. Almeida to identify it.
Rani Bagh has many unusual plants. (including the one that u wanted to know i.e. Atlantia monophylla )

…, thanx very much for the series of photographs and interesting info.
…, thanx for the links. they r very useful.
…, thank u very much for the discussion on the issue. it prompted me to read more on the subject.

Semecarpus anacardium Pune SMP MAY2016/3 : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4)
Semecarpus anacardium
बिब्बा

Very nice close ups.

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Anacardiaceae sp. from central India : 11 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (1)

Posting a photograph of a tree from from Gadchiroli.

The tree looks an anacardiaceae member on primary observation but id is not clear.

So, requesting all in finding appropriate id.

I think Semecarpus anacardium….

Thank you Sir for the comment.

But these Flowers and leaves differs from the regular Semecrpus anacardium.

The Flowers are quite bold and prominent compared to the regular one.

Leaves are also dark green and leathery with large lamina. Further for discussion…

Thanks, …, May I request you to pl. post more detailed images.

Sir whatever best image I was having, I have posted. Rest I can provide is just taxonomic information only..

I also feel close to images at Semecarpus anacardium L. f.

Definitely Semecarpus anacardium (Bhilwa)

/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_2791b.jpg /wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Tree%20for%20Id%20I%20IMG_1402-5.jpg

on the outskirts of Pune– 1st Jan.2009; Alibag, Maharashtra– 20 May 2009; June’09?; on 30/8/09 in Narshapur forest near Hyderabad, AP; near the banks of River Narmada [Dhunadhar falls] Bhedaghat, Madhya Pradesh on 7th Novenber 2010; Sathyamangalam Forest Division;

Marking Nut tree | Semicarpus anacardium – efloraofindia | Google Groups
Semecarpus anacardium L. [Anacardiaceae] – efloraofindia | Google Groups
id required : spice 5 – indiantreepix | Google Groups
PLANT FOR ID 25 SMP 1 JAN 2009 – indiantreepix | Google Groups
Tree for Id 050909Jm1 – indiantreepix | Google Groups
id plz – indiantreepix | Google Groups
Semecarpus anacardium – indiantreepix | Google Groups

SK 2937 3 August 2021: 2 very high res. images.
Location: Far West, Nepal
Altitude: 1000m.
Date: June 2021
Habit : Wild
Only one image broke into 2 due to size!

Semecarpus anacardium

Semecarpus anacardium L. fil.

Semecarpus anacardium L.fil.: (Mixed thread): 5 very high res. images.

Location: Jalthal, Jhapa, East Nepal

Date: 01 January 2023

Elevation: 97 m.

Habitat: Wild

Yes, as per images at
https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/29/semecarpus-anarcardium/

Mixed photos are there …, possibly remove.

All images are from one tree.

Not possible from one plant, because Semecarpus simple leaf, Here mixed with compound leaves plants.

Once recheck.

I shall check. Which images look different? Could you please advise ?

From 1991-1994 all other species belongs.

You are right … Wrongly uploaded. These images belong to Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb

Yes

Semecarpus anacardium L.f. :: Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Jul 26, 2009 · JUN 23 DV13: 6 images.

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Jul 26, 2009 · 8:41 AM IST :: about 3 m (10 ft)
Many thanks to Radha Veach for validating the ID at iNaturalist.

Semecarpus anacardium L.f. :: Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Jul 5, 2009 · JUN 23 DV21: 3 images.
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Jul 5, 2009 · 4:25 PM IST :: about 3 m (10 ft) asl

Semecarpus anacardium L.f. :: Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Nov 15, 2008 · JUN23 DV72: 2 images.

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Nov 15, 2008 · 11:28 AM IST :: about 3 m (10 ft) asl
Many thanks to Radha Veach for validating the ID at iNaturalist

Semecarpus anacardium L.f. :: Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Sep 21, 2008 · JUN23 DV127: 2 images.

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Waghbil, Thane, Maharashtra :: Sep 21, 2008 · 1:10 PM IST :: about 3 m (10 ft) asl
Many thanks to Radha Veach for validating the ID at iNaturalist.

identify this terminalia like leaf: 3 images.
bhawali , 14/6/23

Terminalia alata B.Heyne ex Roth

It may be Buchanania sp. , Terminalia sp. having foliar glands.

Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Almeida ??

It reminds me of Anacardiaceae too. But I wonder if Buchanania can start to flower so late in the year in June. The time of flowering is more in line with Semecarpus.

Yes, appears close to images at
https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/29/semecarpus-anarcardium/?pli=1

Thanks, I’ll check it out.

SK 3758 23 June 2023: 4 very high res. images.

Location: Jajarkot, West Nepal

Date: 30 May 2023

Elevation 800m.
Habit : Wild

Semecarpus anacardium L. fil.??

Yes, appears close to images at
https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/29/semecarpus-anarcardium/

Semecarpus anacardium L.fil.: 5 high res. images.

Location: Dhan Khola, Dang,, West Nepal

Date: 30 May 2023

Elevation 400m.

Habit : Wild

Also check:
https://efloraofindia.com/2011/02/11/buchanania-lanzan/

You may be right

This looks like Semecarpus all right.
Usually, Semecarpus anacardium tends to flower well after Buchanania lanzan sets fruit. You may compare with your photographs of a Buchanania in fruit from the same location/date (Dhan Khola, 30 May 2023).

The bark is Dark as in Semecarpus .. If we observe in the file attached. When coming to Buchanania .. It’s is not much dark..

Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus anacardium L.f.: 2 images.
synonym: Anacardium officinale Pritz., Anacardium orientale Steud.
location/date (both): Pipariya village, Jabalpur Distr., Madhya Pradesh, October 1994

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.: 8 very high res. images.

Location: Nuwakot, Nepal

Date: 13 June 2024

Altitude: 815m.
Habitat : Wild

Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus anacardium: 3 high res. images.
Collected from paderu forest area during the field work on 8 th October

Nepali names of Semecarpus anacardium L.f.:

Please help with Nepali names of Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

भलायो bhalaayo … Wikipedia.

Not sure about the source of काग भलायो kaag bhalaayo and whether it is a name for this species.

भलायो bhalaayo is correct.

Names of Plants in India :: Semecarpus anacardium L.f.: 1 image.
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

sim-eh-KAR-pus — Greek: semeion (a sign, a mark); karpos (fruit) … Auroville Virtual Herbarium
an-uh-KAR-dee-um — a fruit’s name of an Indian tree, applied to cashew by Linnaeus … Dave’s Botanary

commonly known as: dhobi nut tree, Indian marking nut tree, Malacca bean, marany nut, marking nut, marsh nut, Oriental cashew nut, varnish tree • Assamese: বৰ-ভোলা bar-bhola, ভলা bhala, ভল্লাতক bhallatak • Bengali: অহ্বলা ahbala, ভল্লাত bhallata, ভল্লাতক bhallataka, ভেলা bhela • Garo: babari, bareri, bol-agal • Gujarati: ભિલામો bhilamo, ભિલામું bhilamu, બિબ્બા bibba • Haryanvi: भिलवा bhilawa, घेरू gheru • Hindi: भेला bhela, भिलावां or भिलावन bhilawan, निर्दहन nir-dahan, पावक pawak, विषास्या vishasya • Kannada: ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerkaayi, ಗೇರು geru, ಗೊಡ್ಡುಗೇರು goddageru, ಗುಡ್ಡದ ಗೇರು guddada geru, ಕೇರ ಮರ kera-mara • Karbi: barla-arong • Khasi: dieng-soh-bhala • Kokborok: vela • Kol: लोसो loso • Konkani: अंबेरी amberi, बिब्बा bibba, ಬಿಬ್ಬಯಿ bibbayi, बिबो bibo • Malayalam: അലക്കുചേര് alakkucheru, ചേന്‍ക്കുരു chenkkuru, തേങ്കൊട്ട thenkotta • Marathi: भल्लातक bhallataka, भिल्लावा bhilava, बिबवा bibava, बिब्बा bibba, गोडंबी godambi • Mech: bhalo, bhaola, bhelawa • Mizo: kawh-tebel, vawmbalhnahhlai, vawmbal-pui • Nepali: भलायो bhalaayo • Odia: ଭାଲିଆ bhalia, ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଧର durddhara, ଲଙ୍କା ଭାଲିଆ lanka bhalia, ପୃଥଗ୍ ବୀଜ pruthag-bija, ରକ୍ଷୋଘ୍ନ rakshoghna • Persian: بلادر baladur • Punjabi: ਭਿਲਾਵਾ bhilawa • Sanskrit: अग्निमुख agnimukha, अह्वला ahvala, अन्तःसत्त्वा antahasattva, अर्शोहित arshohita, आरुष्कर arushkara, भल्लातक bhallataka, भूतनाशन bhutanashana, बीजपादप bijapadapa, धनुर्वृक्ष dhanurvrksha, कृमिघ्न krmighna, कृष्णवर्त्मन् krshnavartman, क्षतकृत् kshatakrt, महातीक्ष्णा mahatikshna, निर्दहन nirdahana, पावक pavaka, पृथग्बीज prthagbija, रक्षोघ्न rakshoghna, शैलबीज shailabija, शोककर shokakara, शोफहृत् shophahrt, शोथहृत् shothahrt, स्फोटबीजक sphotabijaka, तैलबीज tailabija, तपन tapana, वह्निनामन् vahninaman, विरातक virataka, वीरवृक्ष viravrksha, विषास्या vishasya, व्रणकृत् vranakrt, वृषाङ्क vrshangka • Santali: ᱥᱳᱥᱳ soso • Tamil: சேங்கொட்டை cen-kottai, சோம்பலம் compalam, காலகம் kalakam, காவகா kavaka, கிட்டாக்கனிக்கொட்டை kitta-k-kani-k-kottai, தேம்பாறை temparai • Telugu: భల్లాటము bhallatamu, జీడిమామిడిచెట్టు jidimamidichettu, నల్ల జీడి nalla jeedi, తుమ్మెద మామిడి thummeda mamidi • Tulu: ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerukaayi, ಕೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ kerukaayi, ತೇರೆದ ಮರ tereda mara • Urdu: بهلاوان or بهلاون bhilawan, نردهن nir-dahan, پاوك pawak

botanical names: Semecarpus anacardium L.f. … homotypic synonyms: Cassuvium anacardium (L.f.) Kuntze … accepted infraspecifics: Semecarpus anacardium var. anacardium … heterotypic synonyms: Anacardium officinale Pritz. • Anacardium orientale Steud. • Anacardium semecarpus Buch.-Ham. … and more at POWO, retrieved 10 January 2026

Bibliography / etymology

Links listed as references in the notes below, may not remain valid permanently. Portals / websites have a tendency to re-organize / revise their content, leading to change in URLs of pages in their site. Some sites may even close down at their own will. The bits about the languages of India mentioned below are merely some bare facts gathered from the internet; just enough to satisfy curiosity about “where” could the listed names be best prevalent in India. All English transliterated names to be taken sensu amplo.

~~~~~ ENGLISH ~~~~~

written and spoken widely, in most parts of India

dhobi nut tree

Flowers of India, retrieved January 10, 2026
Auroville Virtual Herbarium

Indian marking nut tree, marsh nut, Oriental cashew nut

Semalty M, Semalty A, Badola A, Joshi GP, Rawat MS. Semecarpus anacardium Linn.: A review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jan;4(7):88-94. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.65328. PMID: 22228947; PMCID: PMC3249908.

Malacca bean, varnish tree

Ayate, Dipika & Shedge, Swati & Dobhal, Sneha & Kukreti, Shweta & Kumar, Sooraj & Bai, Rani & Neenu,. (2025). A Review on Uses of Bhilwa (Semecarpus anacardium) in the Indian Context. Annual Research & Review in Biology. 40. 12-22. 10.9734/arrb/2025/v40i102316.

marany nut

All About Marany Nut in Catherine Reddy’s blog The Earth of India

marking nut

Flowers of India, retrieved January 10, 2026
Vikaspedia – Collaborative Knowledge Sharing Portal – Government of India initiative (powered by MEIT & C-DAC)

~~~~~ ASSAMESE ~~~~~

written in: Assamese (অসমীয়া) … spoken in: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya

বৰ-ভোলা bar-bhola

name pervalent in Nowgong region (modern-day Nagaon) … Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha

ভলা bhala, ভল্লাতক bhallatak

XOBDO – Your gateway to multilingual knowledge and resources
Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha

~~~~~ BENGALI ~~~~~

written in: Bengali (বাংলা) … spoken in: West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

অহ্বলা ahbala

Dasa, Jnanendramohana. Bangala bhashara abhidhana. Paribarttita o paribardhita 2. samskarana. Kalikata: Indiyan Pablisim Hausa, [bhumika 1937] 2 v.

ভল্লাত bhallata, ভল্লাতক bhallataka

Biswas, Sailendra. Samsad Bengali-English dictionary. 3rd ed. Calcutta, Sahitya Samsad, 2000.

ভেলা bhela

PRAIN, DAVID – BENGAL PLANTS – VOL. I
Biswas, Sailendra. Samsada Bangala abhidhana. 7th ed. Calcutta, Sahitya Samsad, 2004.
or ভালা bhala … Dasa, Jnanendramohana. Bangala bhashara abhidhana. Paribarttita o paribardhita 2. samskarana. Kalikata: Indiyan Pablisim Hausa, [bhumika 1937] 2 v.

~~~~~ GARO ~~~~~

written in: Roman, Bengali-Assamese, A-Chik Tok’birim … spoken in: Meghalaya, Assam

babari, bareri, bol-agal

Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha

~~~~~ GUJARATI ~~~~~

written in: Gujarati (ગુજરાતી) … spoken in: Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu

ભિલામો bhilamo

વનસ્પતીઓ ના ગુજરાતી તથા બોટનીકલ નામ ની યાદી (વૈધ કે.જે.ઝાલા)
Biological Diversity of Gujarat – published by Gujarat Ecology Commission [accessed on: 16 Dec 2020]

ભિલામું bhilamu

Amar Shri Ratilal P. Chandaria’s Gujarati Lexicon – the most comprehensive Gujarati language resource

બિબ્બા bibba

Biological Diversity of Gujarat – published by Gujarat Ecology Commission [accessed on: 16 Dec 2020]

~~~~~ HARYANVI ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (हरियाणवी or हरयाणवी) … spoken in: Haryana, Delhi

भिलवा bhilawa, घेरू gheru

Haryana Forest Flora – A Comprehensive Database of Ligneous Plants of Haryana (India)

~~~~~ HINDI ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (हिन्दी) … spoken in: Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand

भेला bhela

Dasa, Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana. Kasi: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.
PRAIN, DAVID – BENGAL PLANTS – VOL. I

भिलावां or भिलावन bhilawan, निर्दहन nir-dahan, पावक pawak, विषास्या vishasya

FRLHT’s ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants
Platts, John T. (John Thompson). A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1884.

~~~~~ KANNADA ~~~~~

written in: Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) … spoken in: Karnataka

ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerkaayi, ಕೇರ ಮರ kera-mara

Five Hundred Indian Plants by Messrs. C. Stolz and G. Plebst, Basel Mission, Mangalore

ಗೇರು geru

Alar – an authoritative Kannada-English dictionary corpus created by V. Krishna

ಗೊಡ್ಡುಗೇರು goddageru, ಗುಡ್ಡದ ಗೇರು guddada geru

Subrahmanya, Prasad K – Exploration and elucidation of traditional medicinal plants of erstwhile Tulunadu and surrounding area of Kerala and Karnataka :: Chapter 4 :: Shodhganga – a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET

~~~~~ KARBI ~~~~~

written in: Roman … spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland … other names for this language: Mikir or Arleng

barla-arong

Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha

~~~~~ KHASI ~~~~~

written in: Latin (Khasi alphabet), Bengali-Assamese … spoken in: Meghalaya, Assam

dieng-soh-bhala

Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha
Sawian, J.T. & Jeeva, Solomon & Lyndem, F.G. & Laloo, R.C.. (2007). Wild edible plants of Meghalaya, North-East India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 6. 410-426.

~~~~~ KOKBOROK ~~~~~

written in: Koloma, Latin, Bengali–Assamese (ককবরক), Kokmari … spoken in: Tripura … other names for this language: Tripuri, Kokbarak, Tippera, Tipra, Trippera

vela

Majumdar, Koushik & Datta, B. (2013). Practice Pattern of Traditional Pharmaceutical Formulations by the Tribes of Tripura, Northeast India. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 7. 442-447.

~~~~~ KOL ~~~~~

written in: Warang Chiti (or Barang Kshiti, Varang Kshiti), Devanagari … spoken in: Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal … spoken by: Kol people

लोसो loso

PRAIN, DAVID – BENGAL PLANTS – VOL. I

~~~~~ KONKANI ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (कोंकणी) / Kannada (ಕೊಂಕಣಿ) / Malayalam (കൊങ്കണി) / Perso-Arabic (کونکنی) / Romi (Konknni) … spoken in: Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat

अंबेरी amberi, बिब्बा bibba

Biodiversity in Goa – Flora of Goa (n.d., Original Page Inactive)

ಬಿಬ್ಬಯಿ bibbayi

Five Hundred Indian Plants by Messrs. C. Stolz and G. Plebst, Basel Mission, Mangalore

बिबो bibo

Dalgado, Daniel Gelanio. Flora de Goa e Savantvadi: catalogo methodico das plantas medicinaes, alimentares e industriaes. Portugal, Imprensa Nacional, 1898.
V D Vartak (1966) – Enumeration of plants from Gomantak India with a note on botanical excursions to the Castlerock area :: Chapter 5 :: Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET

~~~~~ MALAYALAM ~~~~~

written in: Malayalam (മലയാളം) … spoken in: Kerala, Lakshadweep

അലക്കുചേര് alakkucheru, തേങ്കൊട്ട thenkotta

വിക്കിപീഡിയ – സ്വതന്ത്രസർവ്വവിജ്ഞാനകോശം … Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia

ചേന്‍ക്കുരു chenkkuru

बॆरकॆ अट्टिल् निघंट् – changing the way in which Tuluvas consume their food

~~~~~ MARATHI ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (मराठी) … spoken in: Maharashtra, Karnataka

भल्लातक bhallataka, भिल्लावा bhilava (or भिलावा bhilava), बिबवा bibava, बिब्बा bibba (or बिब्बी bibbi / बिबा biba / बिबी bibi), गोडंबी godambi

Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). A dictionary, Marathi and English. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society’s press, 1857.

~~~~~ MECH ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari, Roman … spoken by: Mech people (Bodos of north West Bengal)

bhalo, bhaola, bhelawa

Flora of Assam Vol I (Part II) by U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, C Purkayastha

~~~~~ MIZO ~~~~~

written in: Latin, Bengali-Assamese … spoken in: Mizoram … other names for this language: Lushai, Duhlian

kawh-tebel

Kar, An & Bora, Devanjal & Borthakur, Sashin & Goswami, N & Saharia, Daizi. (2013). WILD EDIBLE PLANT RESOURCES USED BY THE MIZOS OF MIZORAM, INDIA. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. 9. 106-126. [Accessed 15/11/2021 (dd/mm/yyyy)]

vawmbalhnahhlai

ENVIS :: Biological Diversity In Mizoram [Accessed 18/08/2022 (dd/mm/yyyy)]

vawmbal-pui

List of Ethno-medicinal plants in Mizoram state with uses – State Medicinal Plants Board – Mizoram

~~~~~ NEPALI ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (नेपाली) … spoken in: Nepal, West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim

भलायो bhalaayo

Many thanks to Saroj Kumar Kasaju for help with this name … eFloraofIndia

~~~~~ ODIA ~~~~~

written in: Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ) … spoken in: Odisha, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

ଭାଲିଆ bhalia, ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଧର durddhara, ଲଙ୍କା ଭାଲିଆ lanka bhalia, ପୃଥଗ୍ ବୀଜ pruthag-bija, ରକ୍ଷୋଘ୍ନ rakshoghna

Praharaj, G.C. Pūrṇṇachandra Orḍiā bhāshākosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language. Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940.

~~~~~ PERSIAN ~~~~~

written in: Farsi (فارسی) … almost a defunct language; spoken in: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Bihar

بلادر baladur

Platts, John T. (John Thompson). A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1884.

~~~~~ PUNJABI ~~~~~

written in: Gurmukhi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) … spoken in: Punjab

ਭਿਲਾਵਾ bhilawa

Singh, Maya. The Panjabi dictionary. Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895.

~~~~~ SANSKRIT ~~~~~

written in: Devanagari (संस्कृतम्) … used all over India by priests and scholars

अग्निमुख agnimukha (or अग्निमुखी agnimukhi), अह्वला ahvala, अन्तःसत्त्वा antahasattva, अर्शोहित arshohita, आरुष्कर arushkara, भल्लातक bhallataka (or भल्लात bhallata / भल्ली bhalli / भल्लिका bhallika), भूतनाशन bhutanashana, बीजपादप bijapadapa, धनुर्वृक्ष dhanurvrksha (or धनु dhanu), कृमिघ्न krmighna, कृष्णवर्त्मन् krshnavartman, क्षतकृत् kshatakrt, महातीक्ष्णा mahatikshna, निर्दहन nirdahana, पावक pavaka, पृथग्बीज prthagbija, रक्षोघ्न rakshoghna, शैलबीज shailabija, शोककर shokakara, शोफहृत् shophahrt, शोथहृत् shothahrt (or शोथकृत् shothakrt), स्फोटबीजक sphotabijaka (or स्फोटहेतुक sphotahetuka / स्फोटकर sphotakara), तैलबीज tailabija, तपन tapana, वह्निनामन् vahninaman, विरातक virataka, वीरवृक्ष viravrksha, विषास्या vishasya, व्रणकृत् vranakrt, वृषाङ्क vrshangka

Learn Sanskrit – पठत संस्कृतम् – शब्दकोशः

~~~~~ SANTALI ~~~~~

written in: Ol Chiki (ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ), Bengali (সাঁওতালী), Odia (ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ), Devanagari (सान्ताली), Roman … spoken in: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha

ᱥᱳᱥᱳ soso

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ – ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ … Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia
PRAIN, DAVID – BENGAL PLANTS – VOL. I

~~~~~ TAMIL ~~~~~

written in: Tamil (தமிழ்) … spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

சேங்கொட்டை cen-kottai, சோம்பலம் compalam, காவகா kavaka, கிட்டாக்கனிக்கொட்டை kitta-k-kani-k-kottai, தேம்பாறை temparai

University of Madras. Tamil lexicon. [Madras], University of Madras, 1924-1936.

காலகம் kalakam

Winslow, Miron. A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary of high and low Tamil. Madras: P.R. Hunt, 1862.

~~~~~ TELUGU ~~~~~

written in: Telugu ( తెలుగు) … spoken in: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry

భల్లాటము bhallatamu, జీడిమామిడిచెట్టు jidimamidichettu

Flora Andhrika – Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh, India
Brown, Charles Philip. A Telugu-English dictionary. 2nd ed. Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903.

నల్ల జీడి nalla jeedi, తుమ్మెద మామిడి thummeda mamidi

Flora Andhrika – Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh, India
FRLHT’s ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants

~~~~~ TULU ~~~~~

written in: Tigalari (Tulu) was used for writing Vedic texts in Sanskrit, Kannada (ತುಳು), Malayalam (തുളു) … spoken in: Karnataka, north Kerala

ಗೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ gerukaayi

Subrahmanya, Prasad K – Exploration and elucidation of traditional medicinal plants of erstwhile Tulunadu and surrounding area of Kerala and Karnataka :: Chapter 4 :: Shodhganga – a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
Five Hundred Indian Plants by Messrs. C. Stolz and G. Plebst, Basel Mission, Mangalore

ಕೇರ್ಕಾಯಿ kerukaayi

Subrahmanya, Prasad K – Exploration and elucidation of traditional medicinal plants of erstwhile Tulunadu and surrounding area of Kerala and Karnataka :: Chapter 4 :: Shodhganga – a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET

ತೇರೆದ ಮರ tereda mara

Five Hundred Indian Plants by Messrs. C. Stolz and G. Plebst, Basel Mission, Mangalore
Männer, A – Tulu-English and English-Tulu dictionary – Mangalore, Basel Mission Press (1886-8)

~~~~~ URDU ~~~~~

written in: Urdu (اردو) … spoken in: Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka

بهلاوان or بهلاون bhilawan, نردهن nir-dahan, پاوك pawak

Platts, John T. (John Thompson). A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1884.

~~~~~ KNOWN DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~

Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal

Hassler, Michael (1994 – 2025): World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 25.12; last update Dec. 21st, 2025. Last accessed 10/01/2026 (dd/mm/yyyy).
Goa :: V D Vartak (1966) – Enumeration of plants from Gomantak India with a note on botanical excursions to the Castlerock area :: Chapter 5 :: Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
Tripura :: Majumdar, Koushik & Datta, B. (2013). Practice Pattern of Traditional Pharmaceutical Formulations by the Tribes of Tripura, Northeast India. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 7. 442-447.
Uttarakhand :: Rathiesh, P., Ajeet Kumar Negi and Dinesh Singh 2019. Effect of Seed Size on Germination of Semecarpus anacardium (Marking Nut) in Garhwal Himalaya. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(9): 2590-2596.

~~~~~ Created on: 15:03 10-01-2026 ¦ Last updated: 15:29 14-01-2026 (DD-MM-YYYY) ~~~~~

Names compiled / updated at https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/2026/01/semecarpus-anacardium-lf.html

ചെങ്കുരു chenkuru is the correct Malayalam and English spellings.

Malayalam name corrected …