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Keys (Section Furcaria) as per BSI Flora of India:
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Hibiscus hirtus L. – Keys in Malvaceae of Southern Peninsular India: A Taxonomic Monograph (Hibiscus hirtus L. i.e. “capsules as long or shorter than calyx”. In contrast, the calyx lobes of H. micranthus are strikingly shorter than the fruit)
I checked all post in efi site at Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. and Hibiscus surattensis L. – these seems to be OK. Determination based on stem prickles may be confusing. So better to go with the stipules.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f. – Keys in Malvaceae of Southern Peninsular India: A Taxonomic Monograph (Hibiscus hirtus L. i.e. “capsules as long or shorter than calyx”. In contrast, the calyx lobes of H. micranthus are strikingly shorter than the fruit)
Hibiscus surattensis L. (Flora of China gives the following keys:
I checked all post in efi site at Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. and Hibiscus surattensis L. – these seems to be OK. Determination based on stem prickles may be confusing. So better to go with the stipules.
. BSI Flora of India with details & keys (Volume 3- 1993) (Distribution):
Hibiscus fragrans Roxb. (India: In tropical evergreen and subtropical forests of Eastern Himalayas up to 1350 m. Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur; Bangladesh, Myanmar and China)
Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. (India: In Eastern Himalayas and N. E. region up to 900 m, Assam, Megha-laya and Nagaland; Bangladesh, Myanmar, S. China and Malesia)
Hibiscus scandens Roxb. (India: In tropical evergreen and subtropical forests up to 1500m. Sikkim, Assam, Tripura and Andaman & Nicobar Islands; Bangladesh (Chittagong hill tracts) and Myanmar)
Hibiscus similis Blume (India: In estuaries. West Bengal (Sundarbans); Malesia) [is a synonym of Talipariti simile (Blume) Fryxell]
subsp. hastatus (L. f.) Borss. (India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, sometimes cultivated in gardens; Pacific Islands and Polynesia) [= Hibiscus hastatus L. f.]
subsp. tiliaceus (India: Throughout coastal areas, sometimes planted in interior areas; Throughout tropics and subtropics of the world)
Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb. (India: In deciduous and scrub forests and also in wastelands. Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala; Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tropical and S. Africa) [is a synonym of Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff.]
Hibiscus beddomei Rakshit & Kundu (India: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Central and South India)
Hibiscus cannabinus L. (India: Throughout up to 1500 m; Tropical and subtropical Africa, cultivated in most tropical countries)
Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis T. K. Paul & Nayar (India: Punjab)
Hibiscus radiatus Cav. (India: In deciduous and mixed forests. Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Meg- halaya, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu; often cultivated; Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malesia and Australia)
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Cultivated throughout India and subtropical countries)
Hibiscus surattensis L. (India: Throughout in scrub forests, waste lands, forest edges up to 1200 m; Paleotropical)
Section 3. HIBISCUS (With keys)
Hibiscus hirtus L. (India: In Scrub forests up to 900 m. Throughout; rarely cultivated as an ornamental; Malesia)
var. rigidus (L. f.) Cuf. (India: S. Peninsula; Pakistan, Arabia and Tropical Africa) (syn. Hibiscus rigidus L.f.; Hibiscus suborbiculatus Wall.)
Hibiscus syriacus L. (Cultivated in gardens throughout India; Native of China)
Hibiscus talbotii (Rakshit) T.K. Paul & Nayar (India: In deciduous forests up to 900 m. Maharashtra and Karnataka)
Hibiscus caesius Garcke (India: In dry deciduous and scrub forests. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra; Pakistan, Afghanistan, S. Africa and N. Australia)
Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd. (India: In dry deciduous, mixed and scrubby forests in open situations along streams. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala; Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa, Myanmar and Malesia)
Hibiscus obtusilobus Garcke (India: In dry deciduous and scrub forests, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra)
var. rosa-sinensis (Cultivated in gardens throughout India and other tropical and subtropical countries. Origin uncertain)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Masters) Hook. f. (Native of tropical E. Africa; cultivated throughout tropics)
Hibiscus palmatus Forsskal (India: Rajasthan and Gujarat; Pakistan, Arabia and Tropical Africa)
Hibiscus panduraeformis Burm. f. (India: In deciduous and scrub forests especially near streams and ponds up to 900 m. Throughout; Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa, Myanmar, Indonesia (Java) and Australia)
Hibiscus purpureus Forsskal (India: In deciduous and mixed forests up to 300 m. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; Sri Lanka, Madagascar and Africa)
Hibiscus mutabilis L. (Cultivated in gardens throughout India up to 600 m; Native of China)
Hibiscus trionum L. (India: Throughout in subtropcal and tropical forests up to 3000 m, often as a weed in cultivated fields; Myanmar, China, Australia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, C.I.S., Europe and Africa) .
As per efi thread :
Hibiscus furcatus Wall. is the synonym of H. surattensis L., a name used in FBI and still holding true (fork has one spoon shaped appendage and one small erect linear branch; stipules large leafy ear-shaped; leaves 3-5-fid). Hibiscus furcatus Roxb. described in FBI and now correctly known as H. hispidissimus Griff. (both forks linear; stipules lanceolate-oblong; leaves entire or 3-lobed). Hibiscus furcatus Willd., a synonym of Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Perr. an African plant not found in India. Other expected species in India, cultivated or naturalised from this group (forked epicalyx segments) include. Hibiscus radiatus Willd. epicalyx 8-10, with linear fork segments, stipules linear; leaves deeply 3-5 lobed. Hibiscus acetosella: epicalyx 9-10, apically forked, leaves irregularly 3-5 lobed. Hibiscus cannabinus looks similar to above two species but is distinct in deeply 3-7-parted leaves and importantly with epicalyx segments not being forked. .
Help building a key for genus Hibiscus: Our website already has keys for Indian species of Solanum, Cassia, Senna and Chamaecrista. It is proposed to build a similar key for the genus. The first step towards this is preparing an updated list of Indian species (Both wild as well as cultivated, as several cultivated herbs often run as escape and trees and shrubs are often difficult to place as wild or planted, especially because of plantation drives in the recent years). I am sharing a preliminary list. Kindly suggest additions or corrections.
1. Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (syn: Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb. (non L.); Hibiscus crinitus (Wall.) G. Don)
2. Abelmoschus esculentus (L. Moench. (syn: Hibiscus esculentus L.)
3. Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arnott ex Wight (syn: Hibiscus ficulneus L.)
4. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik (syn: Hibiscus manihot L.)
5. Abelmoschus manihot subsp. tetraphyllus (Roxb.) Borss. Waalkes. (syn: Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb)
6. Abelmoschus moschatus Medic. (syn: Hibiscus abelmoschus L.) + var. multiformis , var. betulifolius
7. Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Voight. (syn: Hibiscus pungens Roxb.)
8. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern. (occurrence in India??)
9. Hibiscus angulosus Mast., + var. grandiflorus Thw., var. purpureus Thw.
10. Hibiscus aristivalvis Garcke (syn: Hibiscus intermedius A. Rich.) (is a synonym of Hibiscus palmatus Forssk.)
11. Hibiscus caesius Garcke (syn: Hibiscus gibsoni Stocks ex Harv.)
12. Hibiscus canescens Heyne
13. Hibiscus cannabinus L.
14. Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq.
15. Hibiscus floccosus Mast
16. Hibiscus fragrans Roxb.
17. Hibiscus hirtus L.
18. Hibiscus hispidissimus (syn: Hibiscus furcatus Roxb.; H. aculeatus Roxb. (non. Walter, nor G. Don))
19. Hibiscus hostilis Wall. (synonymous with Abelmoschus hostilis (Wall. ex Mast.) M.S.Khan & M.S.Hussain)
20. Hibiscus indicus (Burm.) Hochr. (syn: H. venustus Bl.; Alcea indica Burm.)
21. Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) O. Kuntze (syn: Hibiscus solandra L’Her).
22. Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd.
23. Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. ex Hornem.
24. Hibiscus micranthus L.
25. Hibiscus mutabilis L.
26. Hibiscus obtusilobus Garcke (syn: Hibiscus punctatus Dalzell)
27. Hibiscus panduraeformis Burm.f
28. Hibiscus platanifolius (Willd.) Sweet (syn: Hibiscus collinus Roxb.)
29. Hibiscus pedunculatus L.f.
30. Hibiscus procerus Wall.
31. Hibiscus purpureus Forssk.
32. Hibiscus radiatus Cav. (syn: H. radiatus Willd. ex Roxb.; H. lindleyi Wall.)
33. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
34. Hibiscus rugosus Mast.
35. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
36. Hibiscus scandens Roxb
37. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f.
38. Hibiscus scindicus Stocks (Occurrence in India)??
39 Hibiscus surattensis L.
40. Hibiscus syriacus L.
41. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. subsp. tiliaceous
42. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. subsp. hastatus (L.f.) Borss. Waalk.
43. Hibiscus tricuspis Banks (is a synonym of Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell)
44. Hibiscus trionum L.
45. Hibiscus vitifolius L. (syn: Fioria vitifolia (L.) Matt.; Kosteletzkya vitifolia (L.) M.R.Almeida & N.Patil) Thanks … for the initiative. The list is exhaustive! I think Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Singh and Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss. Waalk. may be added to the list (Ref. GRIN). Thanks for the useful information … I will surely incorporate it. . Malvaceae of Southern Peninsular India: A Taxonomic Monograph By V. V. Sivarajan, A. K. Pradeep (1996)- Great details-
Hibiscus sreenarayanianus Anil Kumar & Ravi
Hibiscus talbotii (Rakshit) T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayer
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. Species with description & pictures in Flowers of India as on 27.1.14:
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Hibiscus aristivalvis Garcke (India, Pakistan, Arabia and Tropical Africa. It is very common in Lower Sind, Pakistan) (is a synonym of Hibiscus palmatus Forssk.)
Hibiscus caesius Garcke (Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old hemisphere; In Pakistan it is common in Upper Punjab, also found in N.W.F.P. and Kashmir)
Hibiscus gossypifolius Mill. (Native home uncertain but probably of African origin. Widely cultivated and sparingly naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions)
Hibiscus lobatus (J.A. Murray) O. Ktze. (Tropical Africa, Madagascar, S., S.E. and Central Asia)
Hibiscus micranthus var. alii S. Abedin (Tropical Africa, Arabia, India and Pakistan)
Hibiscus micranthus var. micranthus (Tropical Africa, S. Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; In Pakistan it is common in Sindh and occasionally found in Baluchistan and N.W.F.P.)
Hibiscus micranthus var. rigidus (L.f.) Cuf. (Tropical Africa, Arabia, India and Pakistan. It is confined to Sind in Pakistan)
Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. (It is native to China. Also said to be native to Japan. It is commonly cultivated in most of the countries)
Hibiscus obtusilobus Garcke (India, Pakistan and Ethiopia. In Pakistan it is quite common in Sind)
Hibiscus pedunculatus Linn. f. (South Africa, cultivated as an ornamental plant in some countries. It is occasionally cultivated in Pakistan)
Hibiscus purpureus Forssk. (Tropical Africa, S. Africa, Madagascar and Macsarene Islands; elsewhere cultivated)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (It has been said to be native to China. But its native home is still unknown; It is most extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant and occurs in many forms in Pakistan)
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (It is common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is difficult to state its native home)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f. (Native of Kenya and Tanganyika (Exell, Fl. Zambes. 1:470. 1960). Elsewhere cultivated)
Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (Indigenous in China. Cultivated in Pakistan and other countries)
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. (Tropics and subtropics of both the hemispheres. It is occasionally cultivated in Pakistan)
Hibiscus trionum Linn. (Common in hotter parts of the Old World from Southern Europe to S. Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia, naturalized in America. It is common in Northern region of Pakistan)
. Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Of ?African origin. Cultivated in most tropical countries)
Hibiscus furcatus Willd. (India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand. Cultivated) (is a synonym of Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Perr.)
Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze (Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaysia)
Hibiscus mutabilis L. (S. China, Taiwan, S. Japan. Widely cultivated and occasionally naturalised in the tropics)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Of uncertain, possibly E. African origin. Widely cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics)
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Of unknown origin. Cultivated in the tropics)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f. (Tropical E. Africa. Widely cultivated)
Hibiscus syriacus L. (China, Taiwan. Cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions)
Hibiscus vitifolius L. (Tropical Africa, Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaysia, Australia)
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Some species found in India with description & keys from Flora of China (Distribution other than China):
Hibiscus cannabinus Linnaeus [native to Africa and India].
Hibiscus fragrans Roxburgh [Bangladesh, NE India, Myanmar].
Hibiscus hamabo Siebold & Zuccarini [Japan (Bonin and Ryukyu Islands), Korea; cultivated in India and Pacific islands (Hawaii)].
Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Africa].
Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze [Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Africa, Madagascar].
Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxburgh ex Hornemann [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].
Hibiscus mutabilis Linnaeus [cultivated and occasionally naturalized elsewhere].
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linnaeus [not known in the wild but believed to have originated in China; now widely cultivated].
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus [probably originating in Africa, now cultivated throughout the tropics].
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer ex Masters) J. D. Hooker [native to E Africa; now widely cultivated as an ornamental].
Hibiscus surattensis Linnaeus [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia].
Hibiscus syriacus Linnaeus [cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions].
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linnaeus [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; pantropical].
Hibiscus trionum Linnaeus [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; pantropical]. . An Excursion Flora of Central Tamilnadu, India By K. M. Matthew (1995)- Keys & details- Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav.
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Flora of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India (2000)- Details with Keys–
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Gardening in India By George Marshall Woodrow, G Marshall (1999)- Brief details-
Hibiscus elatus Sw.
Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb. ex Hornem.
. Flora of Eastern Ghats: Hill Ranges of South East India, Volume 1 By T. Pullaiah, D. Muralidhara Rao, K. Sri Ramamurthy (2002)- Details with keys–
Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav.
Hibiscus cannabinus (Cultivated)
Hibiscus mutabilis (Cultivated)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Cultivated)
Hibiscus sabdariffa (Cultivated)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Cultivated)
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Hibiscus : 1 post by 1 author.
I have updated eFI (efloraofindia) page on Hibiscus Attempts have been made to incorporate most of the species available in India & nearby areas with details & keys directly or through links as far as possible. It’s quite possible that there may be some discrepancy in the accepted names & synonyms taken from other links. Species discussed so far in efloraofindia are given at the bottom of the page in the form of links against Subpages. On clicking them one can see all the details. Any comments are welcome. Further updated the Hibiscus page. . Fwd: completed insertion of images for Hibiscus identified species : 1 post by 1 author. .
Hibiscus page with images of species in efloraofindia : 3 posts by 2 authors.
Pl. go through Hibiscus page with images of species (done by) in efloraofindia. If you find any mis-identification, pl. let us know. If anybody can send images of other species of this genera (for incorporation in the website), if any, it will be really nice. Also, if anybody is interested to take up the activity of inserting images on efloraofindia pages from efloraofindia posts, pl. let us know Species pages were done by …
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