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Solanum nigrum L., Sp. pl. 1:186. 1753 (syn: Solanum acutifolium Kit. ex Kanitz; Solanum astroites G.Forst.; Solanum atriplicifolium Desp. ex Dunal; Solanum besserianum Weinm.; Solanum bidentatum Raf.; Solanum cechicum Opiz; Solanum cestrifolium Jacq. ex Weinw.; Solanum cestrifolium Jacq. ex Spreng.; Solanum cestrophyllum Dunal; Solanum chenopodiifolium H.Lév.; Solanum chenopodium Raf.; Solanum chlorocarpum Schur; Solanum cuneifolium Dunal; Solanum decipiens Opiz; Solanum decurrens Wall. ex Dunal; Solanum diffusum Vell.; Solanum exaratum Raf.; Solanum extremiorientale Ignatov; Solanum foetidum Rottb.; Solanum fontanesianum Schrank; Solanum ganchouenense H.Lév.; Solanum humile Salisb.; Solanum judaicum (L.) Besser; Solanum moschatum C.Presl; Solanum nigrum var. atriplicifolium G.Mey.; Solanum nigrum var. chlorocarpum (Spenn.) Schur; Solanum nigrum var. elbaensis Täckh. & Boulos; Solanum nigrum subsp. europaeum Fil.; Solanum nigrum var. flavidum S.Z.Liou & W.Q.Wang; Solanum nigrum var. genuinum Hassl.; Solanum nigrum var. hirsutum G.Mey.; Solanum nigrum var. humile Macloskie; Solanum nigrum var. incisum Täckh. & Boulos; Solanum nigrum inerme K.Koch; Solanum nigrum var. legitimum Neilr.; Solanum nigrum f. longepedunculatum Hassl.; Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely; Solanum nigrum subf. sinuatodentatum Hassl.; Solanum nigrum var. stylosum Witasek; Solanum nigrum var. subhastatum Hassl.; Solanum nigrum var. vulgatum Dunal; Solanum nigrum var. vulgatum L.; Solanum paludosum Dunal; Solanum parviflorum Moris ex Badarò; Solanum peregrinum E.P.Bicknell; Solanum probstianum Polgar; Solanum pseudoflavum Pojark.; Solanum reineggeri Opiz; Solanum repens Noronha; Solanum rhinozerothis Blume; Solanum rottboellianum Roem. & Schult.; Solanum roxburghii Dunal; Solanum schultesii Opiz; Solanum speciosum Dunal; Solanum stenopetalum A.Braun; Solanum tauschii Opiz; Solanum viride Schur; Solanum vulgare (L.) Hegetschw.; Solanum vulgatum Baumg.);
. Temp. Eurasia, Macaronesia, N. & NE. Tropical Africa: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Andaman Is., Assam, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuril Is., Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Manchuria, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicobar Is., North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Ogasawara-shoto, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Selvagens, Sicilia, Sinai, South China Sea, South European Russi, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia as per POWO; .
Kakmachi, European Black Nightshade, Duscle, Garden Nightshade, Hound’s Berry, Petty Morel, Small-fruited black nightshade or popolo, Deadly Nightshade, Black-berry night shade, Nightshade, Poisonberry • Manipuri: লৈপুঙখাংগ Leipungkhangga • Tamil: மணதக்காளி Manatakkali • Hindi: Mokoi मोकोय • Malayalam: Mulaku-thakkali • Telugu: Kasaka • Marathi: Laghukavali • Urdu: Makoya मकोया ;
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Solanum americanum, solanum nigrum & Solanum villosum– 5 images. Although The Plant List treats S. nigrum and S. americanum as synonyms, seeing so many errors in this database I prefer to follow GRIN and eFlora of China, wherever available, since both treat them distinct with following differences
S. americanum: Flowers less than 5 mm across; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; berries 6-7 mm in diam, shining black; fruiting calyx reflexed; seeds 1-1.5 mm long
S. nigrum: Flowers 7-10 mm across, anthers 2-3 mm long; berries 7-9 mm in diam, dull black; fruiting calyx appressed or slightly deflexed; seeds 1.7-2.5 mm long
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For a long time S. americanum and S. nigrum were treated at distinct species, former characterised by smaller flowers (less than 5 mm across), smaller anthers (1-1.5 mm long) smaller (6-7 mm) shining black berries, and latter by larger flowers (6-9 mm across), longer anthers (2-3 mm) and larger (7-9 mm) dull black, purple or yellowish-green berries. Both species are distinct from S. villosum in inflorescence with usually more than 6 flowers, longer peduncles (1.5-3 cm in fruit).
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A delicious leafy vegetable. The fruits can be dipped in curds and salt and then sundried. This will keep for long time and the sundried fruits can be fried in oil and used as a sidedish with rice (what we call ‘kondattum’ in Malayalam). These fried fruits are also used to make a delicious curry with tamarind (‘rasam’);
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Dried fruits fried in oil or ghee cure ulcers. But I find the juice extract from the leaves work better in curing mouth and stomach ulcers. Raw leaves are ground with water and the extract is taken orally on an empty stomach. (But I have taken it at other times as well and I feel the result is the same). After one intake itself there will be a remarkable difference. Some people take the extract with coconut milk;
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In our chilhood ripe fruits of this were our most sought after fruit in wild. Tasting like a sharper tomato, more sweet. We called it Kachmach;
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As you said its a very good leaf-vegetable. And the dried fruits (while coming to usa i had brought some and using now and then!) are used to prepare ‘kaara kuzhambu’ or ‘vaththa kuzhambu’, a slightly bitterly delicious;
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The ripe fruits are eaten raw, used in pies and preserves and in making jam;
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Solanum nigrum (European black nightshade or locally just “black nightshade“, duscle, garden nightshade, hound’s berry, petty morel, wonder berry, small-fruited black nightshade or popolo) is a species in the Solanum genus, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia and South Africa. Parts of this plant can be highly toxic to livestock and humans, and it’s considered a weed. Nonetheless, ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales; and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine.
Black nightshade is a fairly common herb or short-lived perennial shrub, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It has a height of 30 to 120 cm (12 to 48 in), leaves 4 to 7.5 cm (1.5 to 3 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2.5 in) wide; ovate to heart-shaped, with wavy or large-toothed edges; both surfaces hairy or hairless; petiole 1 to 3 cm (0.5 to 1 in) long with a winged upper portion. The flowers have petals greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround prominent bright yellow anthers. The berry is mostly 6 to 8 mm (0.3 to 0.8 in) diam., dull black or purple-black.[6] In India, another strain is found with berries that turn red when ripe.[7]
The Solanum nigrum complex — also known as Solanum L. section Solanum — is the group of black nightshade species; characterized by their lack of prickles and stellate hairs, their white flowers and their green or black fruits arranged in an umbelliform fashion.[8] The Solanum species in this group can be taxonomically confused, moreso by intermediate forms and hybridization between the species.[3] Some of the major species within the Solanum nigrum complex are: Solanum nigrum, S. americanum, S. douglasii, S. opacum, S. ptychanthum, S.retroflexum, S. sarrachoides, S. scabrum, and S. villosum
In India, the berries are casually grown and eaten; but not cultivated for commercial use. In South India, the leaves and berries are routinely consumed as food after cooking with tamarind, onion, and cumin seeds.[19] The berries are referred to as “fragrant tomato.” Although not very popular across much of its growing region, the fruit and dish are common in Tamil Nadu (மணத்தக்காளி in Tamil),[20] Kerala, Southern Andhra Pradesh and Southern Karnataka.
(From Wikipedia on 19.7.14) .
Fruits & Vegetables Week: RVS-9: -‘Manattakkali‘ in Malayalam. A delicious leafy vegetable. The fruits can be dipped in curds and salt and then sundried. This will keep for long time and the sundried fruits can be fried in oil and used as a sidedish with rice (what we call ‘kondattum’ in Malayalam). These fried fruits are also used to make a delicious curry with tamarind (‘rasam’). -‘Manathakkaali‘ in Tamil as well. .. is right. Dried fruits fried in oil or ghee cure ulcers. But I find the juice extract from the leaves work better in curing mouth and stomach ulcers. Raw leaves are ground with water and the extract is taken orally on an empty stomach. (But I have taken it at other times as well and I feel the result is the same). After one intake itself there will be a remarkable difference. Some people take the extract with coconut milk. -In our chilhood ripe fruits of this were our most sought after fruit in wild. Tasting like a sharper tomato, more sweet. We called it Kachmach. -as you said its a very good leaf-vegetable. And the dried fruits (while coming to usa i had brought some and using now and then!) are used to prepare ‘kaara kuzhambu’ or ‘vaththa kuzhambu’, a slightly bitterly delicious. .. Yes our traditional medicinal formulations are again and again proved effective. We are fortunate to have such a great wealth. . Fruits & Vegetables Week: Solanum nigrum, the black nightshade: Solanum nigrum, the black nightshade, a wild herb common in wastelands, cultivated fields, roadsides. The ripe fruits are eaten raw, used in pies and preserves and in making jam.
Herb: 30cm height – Solanum nigrum we call it “kakmachi‘ in bengali
Last month i posted two sets of Solanum sp. both of which were identified as Solanum villosum.
Is this the Solanum nigrum L. what was eluding me since then?
Species : UNKNOWN
Habit & Habitat : wild herb, roadside
Date : 30.03.2012, 10.30 a.m.
Place : Garalgacha (Hooghly), WB Yes …, Solanum nigrum
efloraofindia:”For Id 01122011MR1’’ ?Solanum americanum Pune: Nov 2011
Kindly Id this wild plant of height 4-5 cms at Pune
?Solanum americanum I waited for the berries to appear but today I found that the plant is no more where I found it. Yes now considered as synonym of Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum:
request for plant id: habitat-roadside,garden….place- ambala cantt:
Solanum americanum Mill. from Kamrup district, Assam : Attachments (5). 1 post by 1 author.
Attached images are Solanum americanum Mill. (Syn. S. nigrum L.) collected from Kamrup district, Assam.
Date :10.04.2013
Location: Kamrup district
Family : Solanaceae
Genus & species : Solanum americanum Mill. (Syn. S. nigrum L.)
Habitat: Grows wild on road side
Habit : Herb
Flower : White
Fwd: Solanum americanum (syn. S. nigrum). Please validate : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments(4).
Thank you Sir for your valuable information about Solanum nigrum and S. vilosum. Sir, are Solanum americanum & S. nigrum two distinct species? According to Plant list and also efl group S. nigrum is a synonym of Solanum americanum. Please clarify. I attached here the images of Solanum americanum (syn. S. nigrum ). Please validate. S. nigrum L. The Plant List seems to be creating more problems than solving. GRIN as well as Flora of China (Which I rel more), even Tropicos (a very reliable database) and many others treat them distinct. Your plant looks like S. americanum, but I would like you to check the size of flowers and ripe fruits. Once we know which is our plant, its taxonomic status is secondary. Yes it is Solanum nigrum only
Jan2015sk06 – Solanum nigrum L. : 5 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (8).
2.5 ft wild herb, photographed today (15.1.15). Excellent photos. Many uses in traditional system of medicine.
Solanaceae Fortnight: Solanum nigrum from Kashmir-GSFEB02/04 : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (5)
Although The Plant List treats S. nigrum and S. americanum as synonyms, seeing so many errors in this database I prefer to follow GRIN and eFlora of China, wherever available, since both treat them distinct with following differences S. americanum: Flowers less than 5 mm across; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; berries 6-7 mm in diam, shining black; fruiting calyx reflexed; seeds 1-1.5 mm long
S. nigrum: Flowers 7-10 mm across, anthers 2-3 mm long; berries 7-9 mm in diam, dull black; fruiting calyx appressed or slightly deflexed; seeds 1.7-2.5 mm long
Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186. 1753.
Branched annual herb pubescent; leaf ovate, 5-10 cm long, cuneate at base, entire to coarsely dentate, petiole up to 5 cm long; flowers white, 7-10 mm across, in extraaxillary umbellate cymes of usually more than 5 flowers; peduncle 2-4 cm long; pedicel 8-12 mm long, strongly deflexed in fruit; calyx lobes appressed to berry or slightly deflexed; corolla spreading; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm long; ripe berry dull black, 7-9 mm in diam; seeds 2 mm long
Photographed from Kashmir
Solanaceae Fortnight: Solanum nigrum from Chennai FEB2015 BRS03 : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (3)
Sharing the images of Solanum nigrum from Chennai. This is a third common wild herb, I find here growing alongside S. americanum and S. villosum.
It can grow upto 4ft.
So long I thought as I have learned in this group that it is Solanum nigrum L.
But recently one of my very favourite and very respected teacher suggests it may not be Solanum nigrum L. at all.
My earlier upload Since fruiting calyx is strongly reflexed I request you to confirm two things:
diam of flower
diam of ripe fruit
this should help in deciding between S. nigrum and S. americanum I have taken leave today, suffering from fever since yesterday, not much though. I take this opportunity to upload a few more photographs. The set attached here is from same individual herb.
The first three photographs were recorded on the 7-Feb-2015 (last week) and the rest with stats a little while ago. (13.2.15)
It is interesting to note that this plant has inconspicuously dentate ridged stem.
There is a document elaborating Solanum nigrum and allied species, with KEY and photographs, illustrations-
I think both flower size and berry confirm S. nigrum. I am also consulting this very paper. Yes Sir, as per that paper it should be S. nigrum … but I will note more uploads of this species from other members. I have seen your uploads of both nigrum and villosum. It is Solanum indicum – Makoi, KAKMACHI. Thank you Sir. There is an article about Solanum indicum by … which informs S. indicum represents three species, namely 1) S. anguivi 2) S. violaceum and 3) S. erianthum .
The write up can be seen at – efi thread.
I have the violaceum and erianthum, I will upload later. I am yet to find the S. anguivi.
I used to eat makoi while playing in my childhood. Thank you Madam, I didn’t know these fruits are edible. Solanaceae Fortnight:: Solanum nigrum L.-NS Feb 38/38 : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (7)
This is a summer flowering, less frequent species of Solanum, quite distinct from Solanum americanum Mill. in number and texture of berries, fruiting calyx, flower color, smooth and angled stem..
I think, these pics belong to Solanum nigrum L.
Another super duper set Sir. It is very interesting to see this set where number of flowers (=fruits) per inflorescence is more than 10 – this goes against the claim of the species description in pdf Link.
Solanaceae fortnight: Solanum nigrum from Trivandrum: 220215 SS-4 Feb: 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (3)
A few pictures of Solanum nigrum.
Photographed on 3 May 2012 from my garden.
Known as മണിത്തക്കാളി ‘Manithakkali’ in Malayalam meaning ‘tiny tomato’.
Hooghly-skMAY11/12 Solanum nigrum L. : 1 post by 1 author. Attachments (6)
It is summer and the species is still flowering+fruiting
Solanum nigrum L. (accepted name) : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (5)
Location: Soureni, Mirik, India
Date: 21 April 2017
Altitude: 4400 ft.
Nepali Names : कालो बिहीं Kaalo Biheen / क्वाँइ Kwaai / जंगली बिहीं Jangalee Biheen
Location: Nagarkot, Nepal
Altitude : 6000 ft.
Date: 18 July 2018
Habit : Wild गुजराती, पीलुडी
Solanum nigrum from Kashmir – efloraofindia | Google Groups ID of this berry – efloraofindia | Google Groups Solanum americanum & Solanum nigrum– differences;
SOLANUM NIGRAM : 3 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (1)
Attaching a collage of Solanum nigrum (BLACK NIGHTSHADE/ KAKMACHI)
Need Help in ID: Specimen 02 : Small White Flower : 5 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (1)- 2 Mb.
These two wild shrubs are flourishing in Aramnagar, Versova, Mumbai.
Need help in identifying it..
The white flower is roughly 6-7mm in diameter.
(Is there a good book on identifying wild shrubs of Maharashtra?)
Both photographed today, May 21, 2019. Solanum nigrum L. ??
… said is correct. am also agree with them.
Solanum nigrum
An important medicinal plant
Solanum nigrum L. : 2 posts by 1 author. Attachments (9)- around 550 kb each.
Location: Sundarijal, Kathmandu
Date: 30 July 2019
Elevation: 16764 m.
Habit : Wild . Plant ID? : 6 posts by 2 authors. 3 images- 1 to 2 mb each.
Found near Najafgarh
Solanum sp. Solanum nigrum L. ! Yes, thanks … . 210727. Solanum nigrum or S americanum?: 1 image.
Mhow, Indore, MP. A plant which came up in a pot in our garden.
Is this Solanum nigrum or S americanum? Anthers less than 1.5 mm; fruiting calyx strongly reflexed; fruit less than 8 mm in diam., shiny; corolla less than 5 mm …. Solanum americanum Appears close to images at Solanum nigrum . Solanum nigrum Linnaeus: 7 very high res. images. Location: Kalikot, West Nepal
Altitude: 1711m.
Date: 15 August 2021
Habit : Wild Ripe fruits should help but S. americanum is also possible Thank you … However, S. americanum is not listed according to the book. . Solanum nigrum and Solanum americanum:
If Solanum americanum is synonym of Solanum nigrum do we need two separate pages on the website of efloraofindia? https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4XZGL
https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4Y3H2 Thank you. They are not synonyms, separate taxa..!! POWO also considers them as different: . Solanum nigrum and Solan americanum:
I was wondering where would this be Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Mill.)O.E.Schulz as per Tropicos. Most of the recent databases including POWO, COL, WFO treat S. americanum Mill as distinct species. .
Solanum nigrum L.: 8 very high res. images.
Location: Surya Binayak, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Altitude: 1500m. Date: 04 November 2023 Habit : Wild For me you are right. It is seen wild around my house. Nepali Names : कालो बिही Kaalo Bihee / काली गेडी Kaalee Gedee / जङ्गली बिही Jangalee Bihee Solanum villosum Mill. ?? Solanum villosum seems agreeable to me, the flowering clusters as well as the pedicles do not indicate S. nigrum.. Please wait for fruits
I think looks different as per keys at
https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/26/solanum-villosum/ . References:
GRIN Flora of China The Plant List Ver.1.1 Tropicos FOC illustration Flora of Pakistan Annotated checklist of Flowering plants of Nepal Flowers of India India Biodiversity Portal Wikipedia
Herbs Cultivation and Medicinal Uses By H. Panda (1999)
Flora of Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India By T. Pullaiah, Chintala Prabhakar, B. Ravi Prasad Rao (1998)
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