Caryophyllaceae

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Comparative images of all genera except for Silene are given below:
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Agrostemma githago L. (Introduced) (SE. & E. Europe to N. Iran: Albania, Bulgaria, East Aegean Is., Greece, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, North Caucasus, Palestine, Romania, Sicilia, South European Russia, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Yugoslavia; Introduced into: Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Arkansas, Austria, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil South, Buryatiya, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Central European Russia, Chile Central, Chita, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, East European Russia, Finland, Florida, France, Føroyar, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Ireland, Irkutsk, Japan, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Libya, Louisiana, Madeira, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Morocco, Nebraska, Netherlands, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russia, Northern Provinces, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., Sardegna, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya as per POWO)

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Arenaria bhutanica Majumdar & Babu

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Images by Gurcharan Singh
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(Images by Gurcharan Singh, (Mani Nair – Id by Gurcharan Singh) & Ankush Prakash) 

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Dianthus falconeri Edgew. & Hook.f. (Images by Anzar Khuroo (Validation by D S Rawat) (Inserted by J.M.Garg) (For more images & complete details, click on the links))

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Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult.

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PLANT TAXONOMY 2E By SHARMA-Details

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In India this family consists of 20 genera and 105 species mostly in temperate regions.
Vegetative characters:
Mostly annual or perennial herbs and rarely under shrubs . Stellaria aquatica is an aquatic herb.
The root is usually a tap root and the stem is often swollen at nodes.
The leaves are opposite or rarely alternate, simple, mostly linear to lanceolate and sessile. The two leaves at the stem are often connected basally around the stem. The stipules are usually absent.
Inflorescence and flowers:
The Inflorescence is typically dichasial cyme often terminating the main axis. A branch is formed in the axil of each bracteole of the main axis but one of the branches tends to outgrow the other and in the ultimate branching the weaker branch fails to develop. Thus the Inflorescence which is dichasial cyme in its initial branching pass into scorpioid cyme. This type of Inflorescence is very characteristic of the family and is known as cincinnus or caryophyllus type of Inflorescence.
The flowers are hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous and hypogynous or rarely slightly perigynous as in arenaria.
The calyx is usually five basally connate sepals.
The corolla has as many petals as the sepals. The petals are free and are usually differentiated into a limb and a claw. The stamens are usually twice the number of petals in two equal and alternate whorls. They show obdiplostemonous condition. The filaments are distinct or slightly connate at the base.
The gynoecium is of two or three to five fused carpels.the ovary is superior or slightly inferiorand unilocular with free central placentation.
A disc is present at the base of the stamens which is annular or divided into glands.
The fruit is membranous or crustaceous capsule opening by valves or apical teeth.
The seeds are endospermic with more or less curved embryo.
Pollination is by insects.
The seeds are dispersed by water, wind or by adhesion or by birds, animals and human agency.
Examples:
The family is valuable for its large colourful ornamental flowers which are easily grown.
Dianthus species are cultivated for very showy flowers.
Dianthus caryophylus. (Carnation)
Dianthus plumarius
Dianthus latifolius
Dianthus barbatus
Vaccaria pyramidata
Silene
Lychnis
Gypsofila
Cerastium
Arenaria
Stellaria media; S.vestita
Spergula arvensis
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Caryophyllaceae Week: December 3 to 9, 2012–Introduction:

Focus of this monthly week from December 3 to 9, 2012 is family Caryophyllaceae. A family primarily distributed in temperate regions, but with several ornamentals in both Temperate and tropical climates. Here are some details.
Caryophyllaceae A. L. de Jussieu Pink family
93 genera, 2,395 species
Distributed mainly in all temperate parts of the world.
Major genera: Silene (700 species), Dianthusn(300), Arenaria (200), Gypsophila (150),
Minuartia (150), Stellaria (150) and Cerastium (100).
Description: Annual or perennial herbs with swollen nodes, anthocyanins present. Leaves opposite, simple, bases of opposite leaves often connected, stipules absent or scarious (Paronychia), secondary veins often obscure.Inflorescence typically a dichasial cyme, rarely solitary flowers. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual (Lychnis alba), actinomorphic, hypogynous. Calyx with 5 sepals, free (Stellaria) or connate (Dianthus, Silene). Corolla with 5 petals, usually differentiated into a distinct claw and a limb, with an appendaged joint between the two, often notched or deeply bilobed at tip. Androecium with 10 or lesser number of stamens, obdiplostemonous, free, anthers bithecous, dehiscence longitudinal, pollen grains tricolpate to polyporate. Gynoecium with 2-5 (2 Dianthus, 3 Silene, 4 Sagina, 3-5 Stellaria) united carpels (syncarpous), unilocular with many ovules, placentation free central, ovary Major Families of Angiosperms 537 superior, styles 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule opening by valves or teeth, rarely a utricle (Paronychia). Seeds many, ornamented on surface, embryo curved, endosperm absent, often replaced by perisperm.
Economic importance: The family is represented by several ornamentals such as carnation, pinks, sweet william (different species of Dianthus), baby’s breath (Gypsophila) and corn cockle (Agrostemma). Species of Arenaria, Cerastium and Stellaria are troublesome weeds.
Members uploading photographs for ID should provide photographs of side view of flower, top view of lower, shape of leaves and fruits to help in identification.
The List of Genera (From Plant List)
In Maharashtra following genera have been reported.
Spergula
Drymaria
Polycarpon
Polycarpaea
Sagina
Arenaria
Cerastium
Stellaria
Silene
Vaccaria

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Species, genera & family pages of‎‎‎ ‎‎Caryophyllaceae are now with images : 1 post by 1 author.
Species, genera & family pages of‎‎‎ ‎‎Caryophyllaceae are now with images. I request you to pl. go through & point out mistakes, if any. I hope this will aid in identifications in future.