Comparative images of this family except for Brugmansia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Datura, Lycianthes,
Lycium, Nicotiana, Physalis, Solanum (which can be seen by clicking on these links) are given below:
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Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. (Introduced) (Mexico to Tropical America: Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is. as per POWO (Iochroma arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw))
Alkekengi officinarum Moench (Temp. Eurasia: Albania, Assam, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Hainan, Hungary, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Lebanon-Syria, Manchuria, Pakistan, Poland, Primorye, Qinghai, Romania, South European Russi, Spain, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia; Introduced into: Belgium, Cape Verde, Corse, Germany, Great Britain, Illinois, Japan, Kentucky, Morocco, Netherlands, New York, Vermont, Vietnam, Wisconsin as per POWO)
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Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. (E. Iran to W. Himalaya: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, West Himalaya; Introduced into: Assam, India as per POWO)
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Browallia americana L. (Introduced) (Central Mexico to Tropical America: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.; Introduced into: Assam, Bangladesh, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Galápagos, Gulf of Guinea Is., India, Jawa, Kenya, Malawi, Malaya, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nigeria, Queensland, Réunion, Sulawesi, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)
Calibrachoa ‘Aloha Purple’ (Mumbai)
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Calibrachoa species/ hybrid- Kalimpong, West Bengal
Hyoscyamus albus L. (Introduced) (Macaronesia, Medit. to N. Iraq and Arabian Peninsula: Albania, Algeria, Azores, Baleares, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Egypt, France, Greece, Iraq, Italy, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Yemen, Yugoslavia; Introduced: Czechoslovakia, India, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria as per POWO)
Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks (Arabian Peninsula, S. Iran to Nepal: Afghanistan, Gulf States, Iran, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, West Himalaya as per POWO)
Hyoscyamus niger L. (Temp. Eurasia, NW. Africa: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Manchuria, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Qinghai, Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia; Introduced into: Colorado, Great Britain, Illinois, Ireland, Myanmar, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, South Australia, Vermont, Victoria, Wisconsin, Yakutskiya as per POWO)
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Iochroma gesnerioides (Kunth) Miers (Introduced) (Colombia to Ecuador; Introduced: East Himalaya as per POWO)
Juanulloa mexicana (Schltdl.) Miers (Introduced) (S. Mexico to Colombia: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Panamá as per POWO)
Mandragora caulescens C. B. Cl. (Nepal to China (W. Sichuan, NW. Yunnan) and N. Myanmar: Assam, China South-Central, East Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Qinghai, Tibet as per POWO)
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (Introduced) (Peru to NW. Argentina: Argentina Northwest, Bolivia, Chile Central, Chile North, Peru; Introduced into: Alabama, Amur, Angola, Ascension, Assam, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Comoros, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., East Himalaya, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Galápagos, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Hungary, Illinois, India, Iran, Jawa, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Korea, Kriti, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, Nicaragua, Norfolk Is., Northern Provinces, Oman, Palestine, Poland, Primorye, Queensland, Romania, Rwanda, Réunion, Socotra, Somalia, South Australia, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, St.Helena, Swaziland, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Tennessee, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Wisconsin, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)
Petunia × atkinsiana (Sweet) D.Don ex W.H.Baxter
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Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Stern & Poggenb. (Introduced) (S. Brazil to Central Argentina: Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bolivia, Brazil South, Paraguay, Uruguay; Introduced into: Alabama, Assam, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Cuba, Illinois, India, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, New South Wales, New York, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Romania, Trinidad-Tobago as per POWO)
Physochlaina praealta (Decne.) Miers (W. & Central Himalaya to W. & S. Tibet: Nepal, Tibet, West Himalaya as per POWO)
Schizanthus pinnatus Ruiz & Pav. (Introduced) (Central & S. Chile; Introduced into: Kenya, New York, Tanzania as per POWO)
Schizanthus wisetonensis Hort. (Introduced)
Solandra maxima (Moc. & Sessé) P. S. Green (Introduced) (Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Federal), Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Santander), Ecuador, Fiji (I), New Caledonia (I), Norfolk Isl. (I), Mauritius (I), Sri Lanka (I) as per CoL)
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Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miers (Introduced) (Ecuador to Peru; Introduced into: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Kenya, Myanmar, Tanzania, Zimbabwe as per POWO)
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (S. Europe to Central China, Africa to Myanmar: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, Cyprus, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Greece, Gulf States, India, Iran, Kenya, Kriti, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Rwanda, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, West Himalaya, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe; Introduced into: Baleares, Mauritius, New South Wales, Réunion, Socotra, South Australia as per POWO)
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Solanaceae Adans., Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 215. 1763
Herbs, shrubs or small trees, rarely climbers, often poisonous, sometimes with prickles. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or variously lobed, sometimes pinnate compound, stipules absent. Inflorescence cymose, in panicles, subumbellate or solitary flowers. The flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic, hypogunous. Calyx with 5 united sepals, persistent, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla with 5 united petals, rotate, tubular, funnel-shaped or rarely bilabiate. Stamens 5, all equal or 4 in unequal pairs and fifth rudimentary, epipetalous, inserted lower or higher on the corolla tube, filaments free, anthers bithecous, introrse, dehiscing by apical pores or longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, rarely 3-5, united, ovary superior, bilocular, sometimes divided by false septa, placenta swollen, septum oblique; style 1, ovary seated on nectary. Fruit a capsule or berry; seeds few to many, embryo straight, endosperm present.
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1a |
Perfect stamens less than 5, or if 5 not all equal |
(2) |
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1b. |
Perfect stamens 5, all equal |
(5) |
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2a |
Perfect stamens 2; flowers zygomorphic, nearly 2-lipped, corolla lobes deeply cleft. |
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1. Schizanthus |
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2b |
Perfect stamens more than 2, didynamous |
(3) |
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3a |
Stamens 4; fruit a berry or capsule; plants woody |
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2. Brunfelsia |
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3b |
Stamens 5; 4 in two pairs, fifth very small or rudimentary; fruit a capsule; plants herbaceous |
(4) |
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4a. |
Corolla longer than 3 cm, usually funnel-shaped; both anther lobes developed in all the four stamens. |
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3. Petunia |
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4b |
Corolla shorter than 3 cm, salver-shaped; shorter pair of stamens with only one anther lobe developed. |
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4. Browallia |
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5a |
Fruit fleshy when mature, not splitting to dehisce |
(6) |
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5b |
Fruit a dry capsule, splitting to dehisce |
(18) |
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6a |
Anthers forming a cone around the style, opening by terminal pores or lengthwise. |
(7) |
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6b. |
Anthers not forming a cone, distinct, dehiscing longitudinally |
(9) |
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7a |
Anthers with broad filament and connective clearly separating anther lobes; dehiscence by terminal pores or lengthwise. |
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5. Cyphomandra |
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7b |
Anther lobes close together, not separated by broad connective. |
(8) |
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8a |
Calyx with distinct lobes above tube, 5-nerved; leaves entire or divided; plants unarmed or armed, herbaceous or woody |
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6. Solanum |
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8b. |
Calyx truncate with 5-10 teeth below the rim, 10-ribbed; leaves entire; plants unarmed, woody |
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7. Lycianthus |
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9a. |
Corolla tube in flower at least 4 times longer than lobes; seeds usually less than 12 in fruit; plants woody, unarmed. |
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8. Cestrum |
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9b |
Corolla tube in flower not more than 3 times longer than lobes; seeds usually more than 12 in fruit. |
(10) |
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10a |
Plants woody; flowers tubular with narrow limb |
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9. Iochroma |
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10b |
Plants herbaceous; flowers rotate or funnel-shaped |
(11) |
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11a |
Calyx enlarged at least as long as fruit; plants herbaceous |
(12) |
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11b |
Calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, much shorter than fruit |
(15) |
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12a |
Calyx almost as long as fruit, spreading; flowers in clusters |
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10. Atropa |
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12b |
Calyx longer than fruit, bladder-like |
(13) |
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13a |
Flowers several together; corolla 1 cm across |
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11. Withania |
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13b |
Flowers solitary. |
(14) |
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14a |
Flowers less than 1.5 cm across; ovary 2-celled; fruiting calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. |
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12. Physalis |
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14b |
Flowers more than 2 cm across; ovary 3-5-celled; fruiting calyx cordate, winged. 5-parted. |
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13. Nicandra |
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15a |
Plants herbaceous; corolla campanulate or rotate. |
(16) |
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15b |
Plants woody; corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate. |
(17) |
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16a |
Leaves all basal; root swollen; fruit globose |
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14. Mandragora |
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16b |
Leaves on stem and branches; root not swollen; fruit usually elongated. |
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15. Capsicum |
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17a |
Plant spiny at nodes; flowers 1-4 in each cluster; corolla funnel-shaped, lilac-purple; berry globose, mostly red . |
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16. Lycium |
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17b |
Plant not spiny at nodes; flowers several in dense axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, white; berry orange. |
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17. Ancistus |
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18a |
Capsule circumscissile (opening through a lid). |
(19) |
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18b |
Capsule opening lengthwise or bursting irregularly. |
(21) |
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19a |
Flowers solitary, distant. |
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18. Scopolia |
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19b |
Flowers several in a distinct inflorescence |
(20) |
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20a |
Upper flowers forming a raceme or spike. |
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19. Hyoscyamus |
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20b |
Upper flowers forming a corymb. |
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20. Physochlaina |
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21a |
Fruiting calyx reflexed, much shorter than capsule. |
(22) |
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21b. |
Fruiting calyx not reflexed, nearly covering the fruit. |
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21. Nicotiana |
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22a |
Fruit prickly; corolla erect, less than 15 cm long, calyx circumscissile, the upper part falling off; plants herbaceous. |
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22. Datura |
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22b |
Fruit not prickly; corolla nodding, longer than 15 cm; calyx not circumscissile, upper part not falling off; plants woody |
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23. Brugmansia |
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I request some expert to volunteer for coordination.
Thanks, … I don’t think anyone better than you on Solanaceae.
So request you to pl. coordinate.
Here are the genera already discussed in efi. ……………….
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Solanaceae- Genus & family pages with comparative images:
Species, genus & family pages of Solanaceae are now with comparative images. On clicking the link of species, one can check the complete details. Genus pages generally give details of most of the species found in India.
May I request you to pl. go through & point out mistakes, if any. I hope this will aid in identification in future. If anybody can send images of other species of this family (for incorporation in the website), if any, or can identify unidentified/ wrongly identified images, it will be really nice. Pl. circulate it widely, for the benefit of all concerned.
Correct link is https://efloraofindia.com/2011/02/01/solanaceae/
