Solanum

 

Solanum aethiopicum L. (Introduced) (Native range is a cultigen from NE. Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia; Introduced into: Angola, Assam, Benin, Brazil West-Central, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colorado, Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Illinois, Ivory Coast, Kentucky, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre as per POWO)

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Solanum americanum Mill. (Fruiting calyx reflexed) (Images by Gurcharan Singh and Surajit Koley– inserted by Gurcharan Singh)


Solanum anguivi Lam. 

(Images by Dinesh Valke (Id by Varun Sharma) (Inserted by J.M.Garg) (For more photos & complete details, click on the links))

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Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. (Introduced) (Mexico to Guatemala, W. South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Peru; Introduced into: Azores, Cape Provinces, India, Queensland as per POWO)

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Solanum betaceum Cav. (Introduced) (S. Tropical America: Argentina Northwest, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Windward Is.; Introduced into: Angola, Assam, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Ghana, Great Britain, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Jawa, KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Malawi, Marianas, Mauritius, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Niue, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Rwanda, Réunion, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum capsicoides All. (images by Prashant AwaleYazdi Palia; inserted by Gurcharan Singh)

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Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. (Images by Gurcharan SinghNidhan Singh inserted by Gurcharan Singh)

 


Solanum cordatum Forssk. (NE. Tropical Africa to N. Kenya, W. Yemen, Afghanistan to N. India: Afghanistan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Socotra, Somalia, Yemen as per POWO)

 


Solanum diphyllum L. (Introduced) (Mexico to Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua; Introduced into: Bahamas, China South-Central, Dominican Republic, Florida, India, Philippines, Taiwan, Texas, Vietnam, West Himalaya as per POWO)

       
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Solanum dulcamara L. (Introduced) (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Baleares, England, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (incl. Kiklades), East Aegaean Isl., Ireland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Serbia & Kosovo, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Hercegovina, Portugal, Malta, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, C-, N-, W- & E-European Russia, Crimea, Belarus, Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia [Caucasus], Siberia (W-Siberia), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (I), Australia (I) (Tasmania (I)), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, New Zealand (I), China (Henan, SW-Sichuan, Xinjiang, NW-Yunnan), SE-Tibet, Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia), European Turkey, Israel (Rift Valley), Jordania (W-Jordania), Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon), Azores (Terceira), Myanmar [Burma] (Mandalay, Yangon), Pakistan (Kurram, Hazara, Murree), Jammu & Kashmir (Kashmir, Poonch), Vietnam, USA (I) (California (I), Colorado (I), Connecticut (I), District of Columbia (I), Delaware (I), Florida (I), Georgia (I), Iowa (I), Idaho (I), Illinois (I), Indiana (I), Kansas (I), Kentucky (I), Massachusetts (I), Maryland (I), Maine (I), Michigan (I), Minnesota (I), Missouri (I), Montana (I), North Carolina (I), North Dakota (I), Nebraska (I), New Hampshire (I), New Jersey (I), New Mexico (I), Nevada (I), New York (I), Ohio (I), Oklahoma (I), Oregon (I), Pennsylvania (I), Rhode Island (I), South Dakota (I), Tennessee (I), Utah (I), Virginia (I), Vermont (I), Washington State (I), Wisconsin (I), West Virginia (I), Wyoming (I)), Canada (I) (British Columbia (I), New Brunswick (I), Newfoundland (I), Nova Scotia (I), Ontario (I), Prince Edward Isl. (I), Quebec(I), Saskatchewan (I)) as per Catalogue of Life)

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Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Introduced) (U.S.A. to Mexico, S. South America: Alabama, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Chile Central, Chile North, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Paraguay, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Uruguay, Utah, Washington; Introduced into: Albania, Algeria, Aruba, Bahamas, Cape Provinces, Cuba, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Free State, Greece, Gulf States, Hawaii, India, Iran, Kriti, KwaZulu-Natal, Leeward Is., Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles, New South Wales, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Palestine, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Sinai, South Australia, Tunisia, Victoria, Western Australia as per POWO)

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Solanum erianthum D. Don (Introduced) (Tropical & Subtropical America: Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Florida, Galápagos, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Texas, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is.; Introduced: Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caroline Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Ghana, Guinea, Hainan, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Laos, Liberia, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, New South Wales, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Vietnam as per POWO)

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Solanum giganteum Jacq. (Introduced)

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Solanum hovei Dunal (Solanum hovei Dunal is endemic to India and occurs primarily along the Western Ghats in the states of Maharashtra, Goa, and Gujarat on plateaus and in open areas, at elevations as high as ca. 1100 meters as per solanaceaesource)

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Solanum incanum L. (Native to: Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Cape Provinces, Central African Repu, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Gabon, Gulf States, India, Iran, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Socotra, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe; Introduced into: Andaman Is., Taiwan, Vietnam as per POWO)

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Solanum insanum L. (W. Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia: China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Madagascar, Malaya, Mauritius, Myanmar, Philippines, Réunion, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya as per POWO)

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Solanum laciniatum Aiton (Cultivated)

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Solanum laxum Spreng. (Introduced) (SE. & S. Brazil to NE. Argentina: Argentina Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Paraguay, Uruguay; Introduced into: Azores, Bolivia, Brazil West-Central, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nepal, New South Wales, Pakistan, Peru, Queensland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum lycopersicum L. (Introduced) (Peru; Introduced into: Alabama, Alaska, Andaman Is., Angola, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Austria, Azores, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Burkina, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Central African Repu, Chagos Archipelago, Chatham Is., Christmas I., Colombia, Comoros, Connecticut, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Fiji, Florida, Galápagos, Georgia, Gilbert Is., Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Hawaii, Illinois, India, Indiana, Iowa, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Korea, Laccadive Is., Laos, Leeward Is., Line Is., Louisiana, Madagascar, Madeira, Maine, Malawi, Mali, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritania, Mauritius, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nebraska, Nepal, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New York, New Zealand North, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niue, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ogasawara-shoto, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Panamá, Pennsylvania, Philippines, Pitcairn Is., Puerto Rico, Québec, Rhode I., Réunion, Saskatchewan, Selvagens, Society Is., South Carolina, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Wake I., Wisconsin, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum macrocarpon L. (Cultivated) (Tropical Africa, Comoros, Madagascar: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe; Introduced into: Egypt, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mauritius, Réunion as per POWO)

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Solanum mammosum L. (Introduced) (Tropical America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.; Introduced into: Burundi, China South-Central, China Southeast, Fiji, Ghana, Jawa, Kenya, Laos, Malawi, Malaya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Philippines, Queensland, Réunion, Taiwan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)
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Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Introduced) (SE. & S. Brazil to Argentina (Buenos Aires): Argentina Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Uruguay; Introduced into: Angola, Azores, California, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Comoros, Cook Is., East Himalaya, Ecuador, Fiji, Florida, Free State, Hawaii, Jawa, Kenya, Madagascar, Madeira, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, New Caledonia, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Nigeria, Norfolk Is., Northern Provinces, Peru, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Réunion, Sierra Leone, South Australia, Sri Lanka, Tonga, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)
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Solanum melongena L. (China South-Central, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Introduced into: Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, East Himalaya, India, Kazakhstan, Laccadive Is., Sri Lanka, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Zaïre as per POWO)

Images by BalkarSingh, Gurcharan Singh, Dinesh Valke & Surajit Koley (Inserted by J.M.Garg) (For more images & complete details,
click on the links) 

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Solanum multiflorum Roth (S. India, Andaman Islands: Andaman Is., India; Introduced into: East Himalaya as per POWO)

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Solanum muricatum Aiton (Introduced. Colombia to Peru: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru as per POWO)

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Solanum nigrum L. (Fruiting calyx appressed or slightly deflexed) (Temp. Eurasia, Macaronesia, N. & NE. Tropical Africa: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Andaman Is., Assam, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuril Is., Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Manchuria, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicobar Is., North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Ogasawara-shoto, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Selvagens, Sicilia, Sinai, South China Sea, South European Russi, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia as per POWO)

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Solanum pseudocapsicum L. (Introduced. Bolivia to Brazil and S. South America: Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bolivia, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Chile Central, Chile North, Juan Fernández Is., Paraguay, Uruguay; Introduced into: Alabama, Assam, Azores, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Connecticut, Czechoslovakia, East Aegean Is., East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Florida, France, Free State, Georgia, Great Britain, Greece, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Iran, Jawa, Kenya, Kriti, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Louisiana, Madagascar, Madeira, Massachusetts, Mexico Southwest, Mississippi, Myanmar, Nepal, New South Wales, New York, North Carolina, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Panamá, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Queensland, Réunion, South Australia, South Carolina, Spain, Taiwan, Tanzania, Texas, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkey, Venezuela, Victoria, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum pubescens Willd. (Yemen, Indian Subcontinent: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Yemen as per POWO)

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Solanum robustum H.L.Wendl. (Introduced- Notes: Western Ghats, Evergreen Forests as per India Biodiversity Portal)

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Solanum seaforthianum Andrews (Florida to Caribbean, Mexico to Venezuela, Brazil (Fernando de Noronha): Belize, Brazil Northeast, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Florida, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.; Introduced into: Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil North, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Central African Repu, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Cyprus, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Ghana, Guyana, Hawaii, India, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Queensland, Réunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Introduced) (S. Tropical America: Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Chile Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay; Introduced into: Alabama, Arizona, Assam, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, California, Cape Provinces, China South-Central, China Southeast, Costa Rica, Cuba, Delaware, East Himalaya, Florida, Free State, Georgia, Germany, India, Jawa, Kenya, Korea, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Morocco, Nepal, New Jersey, New South Wales, New York, North Carolina, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Queensland, South Carolina, Swaziland, Taiwan, Texas, Transcaucasus, Uzbekistan, Virginia, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Zaïre as per POWO)

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Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. (Introduced) (Central & S. Tropical America, Trinidad-Tobago: Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela; Introduced into: Assam, India as per POWO)

        


Solanum torvum Sw. (Mexico to N. South America, Caribbean, E. Brazil: Bahamas, Belize, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Cayman Is., Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.; Introduced into: Alabama, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caroline Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Congo, East Himalaya, Fiji, Florida, Gabon, Ghana, Gilbert Is., Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Hawaii, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Laccadive Is., Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Maryland, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New South Wales, Nigeria, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Réunion, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tibet, Togo, Vietnam, Zaïre as per POWO)

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Solanum trilobatum L. (India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China to Peninsula Malaysia: India, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam as per POWO)

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Solanum tuberosum L. (Introduced) (Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bolivia, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela; Introduced into: Assam, Bangladesh, Belgium, Dominican Republic, East European Russia, East Himalaya, France, Great Britain, Haiti, Hawaii, Illinois, India, Ireland, Laos, Minnesota, New York, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zaïre as per POWO)

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Solanum viarum Dunal (Introduced) (Mature berries yellow) (S. Tropical America to N. Argentina: Argentina Northeast, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay; Introduced into: Assam, East Himalaya, Honduras, India, KwaZulu-Natal, Myanmar, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Vietnam, Zaïre as per POWO)

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Solanum villosum Mill. (Macaronesia, N. Africa to Eritrea and Mozambique, Europe to China and Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, Chad, China North-Central, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, North Caucasus, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Qinghai, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Somalia, South European Russi, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Sahara, Xinjiang, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum violaceum Ortega (Arabian Peninsula to Taiwan and Philippines: Assam, Bangladesh, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen as per POWO)

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Solanum virginianum L. (NE. Tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, S. Iran to S. Central China and Indo-China: Afghanistan, Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, East Himalaya, Egypt, Gulf States, Hainan, India, Iran, Japan, Jawa, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Yemen as per POWO)
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Solanum wendlandii Hook. f. (Introduced) (Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Distrito Federal, Merida, Miranda, Nueva Esparta), Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Veracruz), Jamaica (I), Peru, Puerto Rico (I), Haiti (I), Dominican Republic (I), Nicaragua, Honduras, New Caledonia (I), Marquesas Isl. (I) (Nuku Hiva (I)), Ecuador (I), Cuba (I), Palau Isl. (I) (Koror (I)), Niue (I), Mauritius (I), La Runion (I), Zambia (I), Zimbabwe (I), Malawi (I), Mozambique (I), Uganda (I), Kenya (I), Egypt (I), Cameroon (I), Rwanda (I), Angola (I), Java (I), Nepal (I) as per CoL)

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Solanum wrightii Benth. (Introduced) (Bolivia: Introduced into: Cameroon, China Southeast, Congo, Costa Rica, Gabon, Ghana, Jawa, Kenya, Malawi, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe as per POWO)

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Solanum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 184. 1753

Unarmed or armed herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. Prickles when present straight or curved, with or without broad base. Hairs simple, branched or glandular. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, sometimes paired, mostly petiolate. Inflorescence axillary, extra-axillary or leaf-opposed, simple racemose, cymose or paniculate clusters, rarely solitary, sessile or on a peduncle. Flowers usually bisexual and actinomorphic, 5-merous. Calyx lobed or parted variously, often persistent and enlarged in fruit. Corolla mostly rotate or stellate. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube; anthers connivent, dehiscing by apical pores. Carpels 2, united. Ovary 2-4 chambered, with swollen oblique plancenta. Ovules numerous, placentation axile. Fruit a berry. Seeds discoid or lenticular with curved embryo.
More than 1500 species, mostly of tropical and subtropical climates. More than 32 species in India, wild or cultivated
Key to Indian Species of Solanum (Wild or cultivated*.)
1aPlants herbaceous throughout(2)
1bPlants partly or wholly woody(8)
2aPrickles absent(3)
2bPrickles present(7)
3aLeaves simple, entire or slightly lobed(4)
3bLeaves pinnate compound(6)
4aFlowers <5 mm across; anthers 1.5 mm long; fruiting pedicels erect or reflexed; berry 6 -7 mm, black, shining1. S. americanum
4bFlowers > 5 mm across; anthers 2-3 mm long; fruiting pedicels reflexed; berry > 7mm; green, yellow, orange or black, not shining(5)
5aInfl. 3-5 flowered; peduncle in fruit <13 mm; berry longer than broad, red, orange or green2. S. villosum (L.) Moench.
5bInfl. 5-20 flowered; peduncle in fruit > 15 mm; berry broader than long, dull purple, black or yellowish green3. S. nigrum L.
6aFlowers yellow; plants densely hairy; underground tubers absent4. S. lycopersicum L.*
6bFlowers white or purplish;plants sparsely hairy; underground tubers absent5. S. tuberosum L.*
7aFlowers mauve; berry ovoid-oblong,4-7 cm long, yellow, pointed, with basal lobes; leaves entire or slightly lobed6. S. mammosum L.*
7bFlowers white; berry globose, 1-1.5 cm, bright red, enclosed in prickly calyx; leaves deeply pinnately lobed7. S. sisymbrifolium Lam.
8aPlants woody only at base, herbaceous above(9)
8bPlants mostly woody(10)
9aUsually unarmed, sometimes armed in wild; floccose-pubescent; leaves sinuate; flowers usually solitary, rarely few-flowered; corolla 2-4 cm across, bluish; berry globose or ovoid, more than 6 cm long8. S. melongena  L.
9bUsually armed with hooked prickles; plant scurfy; lleaves sinuately lobed; flowers in clusters of 2-6, 2 cm across, white; berry globose, scarlet or yellow, 4-6 cm across9. S. integrifolium Poir. (Syn. of Solanum aethiopicum L.)
10aThe Plants climbing or scrambling(11)
10bThe plants woody shrubs or trees(15)
11aPrickles absent(12)
11bPrickles present(14)
12aLeaves simple or lobed at base(13)
12bLeaves pinnate, flowers lilac; berry globose, bright red, 7-9 mm across10. S. seaforthianum  Andr.*
13aFlowers white or tinged blue;corolla lobes spreading11. S. laxum  Spreng.*
13bFlowers violet, spotted with green; corolla lobes reflexed; berry ovoid, scarlet, 8-10 mm across12. S. dulcamara  L.*
14aLeaves pinnate; prickles curved; flowers lilac 5-6 cm across; berry globose, 7-10 cm across13. S. wendlandii  Hook.f.*
14bLeaves 3-5 lobed; flowers bluish-violet, 2.5-3 cm across; berry globose, 6-8 mm across14. S. trilobatum  L.
15aPlants unarmed(16)
15bPlants armed with prickles(21)
16Flowers white(17)
16bFlowers blue or purple(19)
17aGlabrous shrubs, leaves less than 10 cm long(18)
17bStellate-pubescent shrubs; leaves longer than 10 cm, crowded towards tips of branches, with yellowish hairs beneath; flowers creamy white; berry globose, 1 cm across, yellow, covered with stellate hairs15. S. erianthum  D. Don
18aLeaves narrow-oblong to oblanceolate,less than 2 cm broad, entire peduncle almost absent; fls 1-3 together, 1-1.5 cm across; berry 1-2 cm across, scarlet or orange16. S. pseudocapsicum L.*
18bLeaves elliptic, more than 2 cm broad, in unequal pairs; peduncle distinct, 3-12 mm long; flowers more than 3, 4-6 mm across; berry 7-12 mm across, erect, orange, slightly bilobed17. S. diphyllum L.*
19aFlowers 2-3 cm across; one anther 8 mm long, 4 half as long; berry globose, glossy red, 1.5 cm across; stem with ashy-grey tomentum; leaves 3-8 cm long18. S. pubescens  Willd.
19bFlowers less than 1.5 cm across; all anthers equal(20)
20aLeaves axils with pairs of small auricle-like leaves; leaves 15-30 cm long, 7-11 cm broad, softly pubescent, upper surface dark green, lower pale green; corollblue, 9-11 mm across; berry globose, 1.5 cm across, orange-yellow, densely stellate pubescent19. S. mauritianum  Scop.
20bLeaf axils without auricles; leaves shoter than 12 cm, deeply lobed; flowers 8-10 mm across, purple20. S. kurzii Brace
21aPrickles on stem straight, without broad base(22)
21bPrickles on stem curved or straight, with broad base(23)
22aFlowers white, 22-30 mm across, corolla lobes lanceolate; taller shrub; calyx prickly; berry globose, 20-30 mm across, pale green with dark green markings, yellow or orange red when ripe21. S. capsicoides
22bFlowers blue or violet, 20-25 mm across, corolla lobes ovate-triangular; Small spreading shrub up to 50 cm with yellow prickles; calyx prickly leaves deeply lobed, greenish and glabrescent; berry globose, yellow, 15-20 mm across22. S. virginianum  L.
23aFlowers white or pink(24)
23bFlowers blue or purple(28)
24aBerry densely covered with hairs, globose, 2-3 cm across, orange when ripe; leaves longer than 20 cm, with acutely triangular lobes; infl. 6-15-flowered; corolla 2-3.5 cm across23. S. lasiocarpum
24bBerry glabrous(25)
25aLeaves shallowly lobed(26)
25bLeaves deeply lobed almost to middle(27)
26aLeaves coarsely sinuate with uually 7 triangular lobes, unequal sided at base; inflorescence with numerous flowers (up to 100), dichotomous; flowers 2-2.5 cm across, white; berry 8-12 mm across, globose, yellow turning orange24. S. torvum  Sw.
26bLeaves elliptic-ovate, sinuate or with 2-4 pairs of lobes, base oblique; flowers in raceme-like cyme, 5-20-fld; corolla 6-12 mm across; white with occasional purple veins on outer surface; berry subglobose, 8-11 mm green or white when young, red when ripe, in clusters of up to 20 fruits25. S. anguivi  Lam.
27aPlant ferruginous, leaves deeply pinnately lobed; corolla 3 cm across, white; berry globose, 1.5 cm across, yellowish brown; prickles short, curved down26. Solanum chrysotrichum Sch.
27bPlant hirsute; prickles straight as well as curved; glandular hairs present; prickles up to 5 mm long on stem, straight and up 18 mm long on petiole and both surfaces of leaf; leaf hairy on both surface; infl. 1-5-fld, peduncle reduced; corolla white, berry pale yellow, 2-3 cm across27. S. viarum  Dunal
28aPrickles straight, on stem and leaves beneath; flowers deep purple, fading into blue and finally white, 6-9 cm across; Berry 3-4 cm across, globose, red or remaining green28. S. wrightii  Benth*
28bprickles curved(29)
29a
29b30a30b
Prickles on both stem and leaves; leaves lobed, unequal at base;
Prickles only on stem, not on leavesAll flowers bisexual, fruits more than one per inflorescence, erect; corolla blue-purple, 2-2.5 cm across; berry globose, orange, 1 cm across.
Only basal flower bisexual, fruit one per inflorescence, deflexed; corolla purple; 3-3.5 cm across; berry globose, yellow, 2-3 cm across
(30)
(31)29. S. violaceum  Ortega30. S. incanum L.
31aTree-like, prickles short, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, glossy above, silvery white beneath; cymose clusters on 2-3 cm long peduncle; flowers mauve, 1 cm across; berry 9-11 mm across, globose, glossy, red when mature31. S. giganteum  Jacq.
31bSmall shrub; hairs stellate; leaves small, about 4 cm long, cordate; infl. 1-3 fld; fls 2 cm across32. S. gracilipes Decne. (syn. of Solanum cordatum Forssk.)

.

Solanum key for India


.
BSI Flora of India Checklist Vol. 2 (1993) (Distribution):

NameDistribution
Solanum multiflorumAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
Solanum aculeatissimumAssam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim
Solanum aethiopicumCultivated species
Solanum americanumvar. americanum: Throughout India.
var. odishense Kalidass & P. Murugan: Odisha (syn. of Solanum americanum Mill. as per POWO)
Solanum anguiviMizoram
Solanum arundoGoa, Gujarat (No distribution shown in India by POWO and CoL)
Solanum asperolanatumAssam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
Solanum aviculareCultivated species
Solanum barbisetumAssam, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum capsicoidesAssam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
Solanum chacoenseCultivated species
Solanum cordatumGujarat, Punjab
Solanum denticulatumCultivated species (Cultivated- syn. of Lycianthes denticulata (Blume) Bitter as per POWO)
Solanum diphyllumGujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal
Solanum dubiumGujarat, Maharashtra (syn. of Solanum jamaicense Mill. as per POWO– No distribution shown in India)
Solanum dulcamaraHimachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
Solanum elaeagnifoliumGujarat, Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
Solanum erianthumThroughout India
Solanum exarmatumKerala
Solanum forskaliiGujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
Solanum giganteumGujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan
Solanum glaucophyllumMaharashtra, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum griffithiiAssam, Sikkim (syn. of Solanum praetermissum Kerr ex Barnett as per POWO)
Solanum incanumAndhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
Solanum jacquemontiiDadra & Nagar Haveli, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan (syn. of Solanum cordatum Forssk. as per POWO)
Solanum jasminoidesHimachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (syn. of Solanum laxum Spreng. as per POWO)
Solanum kurziiArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)
Solanum lasiocarpumAndaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kamataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum macrocarponCultivated species
Solanum mammosumCultivated species
Solanum marginatumCultivated species
Solanum mauritianumKerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum melongenaCultivated species
Solanum nigrumThroughout India
Solanum pseudocapsicumvar. pseudocapsicum (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
var. diflorum (Vell.) Bitter (Tamil Nadu)
Solanum pubescensAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
Solanum robustumTamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh (No distribution shown in India by POWO and CoL)
Solanum rostratumUttar Pradesh (No distribution shown in POWO and CoL)
Solanum seaforthianumAndhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashta, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum sisymbrifoliumAssam, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Solanum spiraleArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland
Solanum torvumThroughout India
Solanum trilobatumAndhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Solanum triquetrumRajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (No distribution shown in India in POWO and CoL)
Solanum tuberosumThroughout India
Solanum vagumEndemic to India: Tamil Nadu (syn. of Solanum giganteum Jacq. as per POWO)
Solanum viarumThroughout India
Solanum villosumvar. villosum Edmonds (Throughout India)
var. punicerum (Kirschl.) Edmonds (Throughout India) (syn. of Solanum villosum Mill. as per POWO)
Solanum violaceumThroughout India
Solanum virginianumThroughout India
Solanum wendlandiiCultivated species
Solanum wightiiEndemic to India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Solanum wrightiiBihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal

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Flora of Peninsular India:
Solanum aculeatissimum
Solanum americanum
Solanum anguivi
Solanum aviculare
Solanum barbisetum
Solanum capsicastrum (syn. of Solanum pseudocapsicum L. as per POWO)
Solanum capsicoides
Solanum chrysotrichum
Solanum clavatum (Cultivated- syn. of Solanum aligerum Schltdl. as per POWO)
Solanum convolvulus (Cultivated- syn. of Solanum flaccidum Vell. as per POWO)
Solanum denticulatum (Cultivated- syn. of Lycianthes denticulata (Blume) Bitter as per POWO)
Solanum diphyllum
Solanum dulcamara
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Solanum erianthum
Solanum ferox (syn. of Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum giganteum
Solanum grandiflorum
Solanum hispidum (syn. of Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. as per POWO)
Solanum hovei
Solanum incanum
Solanum indicum (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)
Solanum indicum var. multiflorum (syn. of Solanum multiflorum Roth as per POWO)
Solanum insanum J.B.Fisch. (? Solanum insanum L. as per POWO)
Solanum jasminoides (syn. of Solanum laxum Spreng. as per POWO)
Solanum khasianum (syn. of Solanum myriacanthum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum kurzii (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)
Solanum lasiocarpum
Solanum macrocarpon
Solanum macrophyllum (syn. of Solanum albidum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum mammosum
Solanum marginatum
Solanum mauritianum
Solanum melongena var. insanum (syn. of Solanum insanum L. as per POWO)
Solanum melongena var. melongena
Solanum muricatum (Cultivated)
Solanum myriacanthum
Solanum nigrum
Solanum pseudocapsicum
Solanum pseudocapsicum var. diflorum (syn. of Solanum pseudocapsicum L. as per POWO)
Solanum pubescens
Solanum robustum
Solanum seaforthianum
Solanum sisymbriifolium
Solanum stramoniifolium
Solanum torvum
Solanum trilobatum
Solanum tuberosum
Solanum vagum (syn. of Solanum giganteum Jacq. as per POWO)
Solanum verbascifolium (syn. of Solanum donianum Walp. as per POWO and no distribution shown in India)
Solanum viarum
Solanum violaceum
Solanum violaceum subsp. multiflorum (syn. of Solanum multiflorum Roth as per POWO)
Solanum virginianum
Solanum wendlandii
Solanum wightii
Solanum wrightii


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BinomialHabitNotesRef.Distrib.
Solanum americanum MillHerbPlains to Low Altitude, Naturalized , Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum anguivi Lam.ShrubPlains, Dry Localities/ Cleared ForestsR. Vijaya Sankar, 2007Tiruvanna malai
Solanum aviculari G. Forst.ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of Australia Nilgiri
Solanum barbisetum NeesShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Naturalized, Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Gamble 1957Nilgiri
Solanum capsicastrum Link & Schau. = Solanum pseudocapsicum ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Naturalized, Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum capsicoides Mart.Herb / Under shrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Naturalized, Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri 
Solanum clavatum Rusby (Cultivated- syn. of Solanum aligerum Schltdl. as per POWO)ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Cultivated, Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum convolvulus Sendtner is a synonym of Solanum flaccidum Vell. Climb erWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Cultivated, Native of Tropical America Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.Herb / Under shrubPlains, Dry LocalitiesFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Madurai, Theni
Solanum erianthum D.DonShrub / small treeMoist Deciduous ForestsFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kanniya kumari, Namakkal, Nilgiri, Salem, Theni, Tirunelveli, Tiruvanna malai, Vellore, Viluppuram, Virudhu nagar
Solanum giganteum Jacq.Shrub / small treeMoist Deciduous to Evergreen Forests Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Namakkal, Nilgiri, Theni,  Salem
Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & PavonUnder shrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen ForestsFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Nilgiri
Solanum hispidum Pers. = Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. Shrub / small treeEastern Ghats, Dry Deciduous to Moist Deciduous Forests, Open  Localities, Naturalized, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Salem, Viluppuram
Solanum insanum J.B.Fisch. (? Solanum insanum L.)Sub shrubPlains,  CultivatedFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum jasminoides Paxt. = Solanum laxum  Twin ing ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Cultivated/ Naturalized, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dindigul, Nilgiri
Solanum kurzii Brace ex Prain = Solanum violaceum ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of HimalayaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum lasiocarpum DunalHerbWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests Coimbatore, Dindigul, Kanniya kumari, Tirunelveli
Solanum macrocarpon  L. HerbWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of Tropical Africa Tirunelveli
Solanum macrophyllum Dunal (syn. of Solanum albidum Dunal as per POWO)TreeWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum marginatum L.f.ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Nilgiri
Solanum mauritianum Scop.ShrubWestern Ghats, Naturalized, Native of Tropical AfricaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Nilgiri
Solanum melongena L. var. melongenaHerbPlains,  CultivatedFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. var. difflorum (Vell.) BitterShrubWestern Ghats, Naturalized, Native of Tropical America Dindigul, Nilgiri
Solanum pseudo-capsicum L.var. pseudo-capsicumShrubWestern Ghats, Naturalized, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dindigul 
Solanum pubescens Willd.ShrubDry Deciduous to Moist Deciduous Forests, Open  LocalitiesFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kanniya kumari, Namakkal, Nilgiri, Salem, Theni, Tirunelveli, Tiruvanna malai, Vellore, Viluppuram, Virudhu nagar
Solanum robustum H. Wendl. (No distribution shown in India by POWO and CoL)ShrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests Nilgiri
Solanum seaforthianum Andr.ShrubWestern Ghats & Eastern Ghats, Deciduous to Moist Deciduous Forests, Naturalized,  Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Nilgiri, Theni, Salem, Tiruvanna malai
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.Under shrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Naturalized, Native of  Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Dindigul, Nilgiri
Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq.HerbWestern Ghats, Moist Deciduous to Evergreen ForestsFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Gamble 1957Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Kanniya kumari,  Nilgiri,  Theni, Tirunelveli, Virudhu nagar
Solanum torvum Sw.ShrubPlains to Low Altitude, Cultivated, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum trilobatum L.Climb ing Under shrubDry Evergreen to Dry DeciduousFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum tuberosum L.HerbWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests,  Cultivated, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dindigul, Nilgiri
Solanum vagum Heyne ex Nees (syn. of Solanum giganteum Jacq. as per POWO)Shrub / Under shrubWestern Ghats, Evergreen ForestsFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Tirunelveli, Virudhu nagar
Solanum viarum Dunal Under shrubWestern Ghats & Eastern Ghats, Moist Deciduous Forests, Naturalized, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Kanniya kumari, Nilgiri, Salem
Solanum violaceum Ortega Subsp. multiflorum (C. B. Clarke) K. M. Matthew (syn. of Solanum multiflorum Roth as per POWO)HerbWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Open  LocalitiesFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Coimbatore, Dindigul, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli
Solanum violaceum Ortega Subsp. violaceumUnder shrubDry Deciduous ForestsFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum virginianum L.Herb/ Under shrubPlains, Dry LocalitiesFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987All districts
Solanum wendlandii Hook.f.Climb ing shrubWestern Ghats & Eastern Ghats, Naturalized, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987Dindigul, Salem
Solanum wrightii Benth.Shrub/ small treeWestern Ghats, Evergreen Forests, Cultivated, Native of Tropical AmericaFlora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Gamble 1957, Matthew 1999Nilgiri

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FRLHT Indian Medicinal Plants Nomenclature Database with images/ herbarium, distribution, local names etc. :

Solanum albicaule KOTSCHY EX DUNAL is a synonym of Solanum forskalii Dunal

Solanum capsicoides ALL.
Solanum carolinense L.
Solanum ciliatum LAMK. = Solanum capsicoides

Solanum ferox L. (syn. of Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum giganteum JACQ
Solanum hirsutum ROXB. (syn. of Solanum ferox L.)

Solanum indicum L. (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)
Solanum khasianum C.B. CLARKE (syn. of Solanum myriacanthum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum lasiocarpum DUNAL
Solanum lycopersicum LINN.
Solanum mauritianum SCORP.

Solanum pubescens HEYNE. EX WALP. (? Solanum pubescens Willd.)
Solanum sarmentosum NEES is a synonym of Solanum lanceifolium
Solanum seaforthianum ANDR.
Solanum sisymbrifolium LAM.
Solanum spirale ROXB.
Solanum surattense BURM. F. = Solanum virginianum

Botanical nameSynonymsFamilyCommon name
Solanum betaceum Cyphomandra betacea, Solanum crassifolium, Cyphomandra crassifoliaSolanaceae Tree Tomato
Solanum carolinense L. Solanaceae Horse Nettle
Solanum diphyllum Solanaceae Twoleaf Nightshade
Solanum erianthum Solanaceae Big Eggplant
Solanum giganteum Solanum niveumSolanaceae Red Bitter Berry
Solanum laxum Solanum jasminoides, Solanum boerhaviifolium, Solanum triphyllumSolanaceae Potato Vine
Solanum macranthum Solanaceae Potato Tree
Solanum mammosum Solanum platanifolium, Solanum globiferum, Solanum mammosissimumSolanaceae Nipple Fruit
Solanum mauritianum Solanum auriculatum, Solanum tabacifolium, Solanum verbascifolium var. auriculatumSolanaceae Tree Tobacco
Solanum melongena Solanaceae Brinjal
Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Black Nightshade
Solanum pseudocapsicum Solanaceae Jerusalem Cherry
Solanum seaforthianum Solanum venustum, Solanum prunifolium, Solanum cyrrhosumSolanaceae Brazilian Nightshade
Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanaceae Sticky Nightshade
Solanum torvum Solanaceae Turkey Berry
Solanum trilobatum Solanaceae Purple Fruited Pea Eggplant
Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Potato
Solanum viarum Solanum viridiflorum, Solanum khasianum var. chatterjeeanumSolanaceae Tropical Soda Apple
Solanum villosum Solanum alatum, Solanum luteum, Solanum nigrum var. villosumSolanaceae Yellow Nightshade
Solanum violaceum Solanum chinenseSolanaceae Indian Nightshade
Solanum virginianum Solanum surattense, Solanum xanthocarpumSolanaceae Thorny Nightshade
Solanum wendlandii Solanaceae Giant Potato Creeper


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Solanum wendlandii
Solanum wightii (No distribution in India)

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Solanum griffithii (syn. of Solanum praetermissum Kerr ex Barnett as per POWO)

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Rheedea Vol. 20 (1) 56-58 2 0 1 0 Solanum cordatum (Solanaceae) – A new record to Southern India by A. Ramachandran and M.B. Viswanathan
Abstract : While preparing an inventory of fl owering plants of the Kolli hills, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, Southern India, some specimens of Solanum L. were collected and identifi ed as S. cordatum Forssk. On scrutiny of literature, it is revealed that this species is known only from Gujarat in India and forms a new record to Southern India. Hence, a detailed description, phenology and illustration are provided to facilitate easy identifi cation of the species.

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Solanum diphyllum (Solanaceae) – A new record for Southern India by M. Reema Kumari – Rheedea Vol. 23(1) 50-51 2013-
AbstractSolanum diphyllum L., a tropical American species, is added here to the flora of Southern India from Bangalore, Karnataka. Its occurrence in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu is discussed. A detailed description and photograph of the species are provided for easy identification.

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Fruits and/or leaves of 31 species of Solanum that grow in India have been assayed for total alkaloid content and the presnce of solasodine in them has.
Solanum arundo Mattei (No distribution shown in India by POWO and CoL)
Solanum clavatum Rusby (Cultivated- syn. of Solanum aligerum Schltdl. as per POWO)
Solanum ferox L. (syn. of Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum glaucum
Solanum hispidum Pers. = Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav.
Solanum indicum L. (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)
Solanum khasianum C.B. CLARKE (syn. of Solanum myriacanthum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum robustum H. L. Wendl. (No distribution shown in India by POWO and CoL)
Solanum vagum Heyn. ex Nees (syn. of Solanum giganteum Jacq. as per POWO)
Solanum verbascifolium L. = Solanum donianum Walp.
Solanum wendlandii

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Pharmacognostical And Phdytochemical Comparison of Roots of Solanum Species Used in Ayurvedic Formulations by *Jayanthy A. Sulaiman C.T. and Rema Shree A. B.- International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2012; 4(1);28-37
ABSTRACT : Pharmacognostical studies play an important role in the identification of the genuine plant of various Ayurvedic raw drugs. Adulteration/substitution exists for many ayurvedic raw drugs due to the non-availability of genuine herbs in required quantities and controversy in the selection of source plants. Solanum species are involved in ayurvedic preparations as the members of laghupanchamula group of plants. Present paper deals with the comparison of the roots of most commonly used species of Solanum by studying the micro-morphological, anatomical, physicochemical characters and chemical comparison by TLC and HPLC studies.
Species discussed:
Solanum indicum L. (syn. of Solanum violaceum Ortega as per POWO)

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Solanum diffusum Ruiz & Pav. is a synonym of Solanum ternatum Ruiz & Pav.
Solanum esculentum Dunal is a synonym of Solanum melongena
Solanum ferox L. (syn. of Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal as per POWO)
Solanum sanctum L. is a synonym of Solanum incanum L.
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Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary edited by C.P. Khare (2007)- Details-
Solanum dubium Dunal (syn. of Solanum jamaicense Mill. as per POWO– No distribution shown in India)
……………..
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Solanum trilobatum …………

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Gardening in India By George Marshall Woodrow, G Marshall (1999)- Details-

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An Excursion Flora of Central Tamilnadu, India By K. M. Matthew (1995)- Details-
…………..
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Vegetables edited by G. J. H. Grubben (2005)- Great Details-
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1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants edited by Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett
Solanum kurzii PRAIN. (= Solanum violaceum) – Indeterminate- Tamilnadu

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Flora of Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India By T. Pullaiah, Chintala Prabhakar, B. Ravi Prasad Rao (1998)- Details with keys
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Antidiabetic Plants in India and Herbal Based Antidiabetic Research By T. Pullaiah, K. Chandrasekhar Naidu (2003)- Details-
……………….

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Medicinal Plants, Volume 1 (2005)- Great Details-
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Solanum : 1 post by 1 author.

I have updated eFI (efloraofindia) page on Solanum

Attempts have been made to incorporate most of the species available in India & nearby areas with details & keys directly or through links as far as possible. It’s quite possible that there may be some discrepancy in the accepted names & synonyms taken from other links.

Species discussed so far in efloraofindia are given at the bottom of the page in the form of links against Subpages. On clicking them one can see all the details.

If someone can provide complete list of Indian species with source references it will be wonderful.

Any comments/ corrections are welcome.


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Solanum page with comparative images:
Pl. go through Solanum (Solanaceae) page with comparative images of species in efloraofindia. On clicking the link of species, one can check the complete details. Genus pages generally give details of most of the species found in India along with keys provided by Singh ji.
I request you to pl. go through & point out mistakes, if any. I hope this will aid in identification in future. If anybody can send images of other species of this genus (for incorporation in the website), if any, or can identify unidentified images, it will be really nice.
Lot of credit goes to Gurcharan Singh ji, for identifying a lot of the Solanum posts.


Updated on December 24, 2024

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